Macbeth Critical/ Analytical Study Essay

Guilt is a very strong, uncomfortable intent that is often a result of ones take exemplifyions. In the play, Macbeth, the author William Shakespeare uses character development to demonstrate how wickedness jakes be self-destructive and lastly lead to a negative impact on an individuals mental stability. Macbeth, brothel keeper Macbeth and Macduff altogether suffer from a punishable conscience which affects them in different ways precisely at last pay offs them to behave irrationally. A persons delinquency and disgrace has the authority to drive them to insanity and sometimes self-destruction. Macbeth starts out as a brave, chivalrous individual who is widely respected throughout his country. However, behind the valiant physique is a secret that is slowly eating away at him. Macbeth is a murderer. The guilt and degrade commence when Macbeth allows himself to be manipulated to commit much(prenominal) a beastly act.When he runner experiences his guilty conscience, he m istakes the feeling as fear. This is outgrowth evident reasonable in the beginning he murders King Dun buns and Macbeth has a vision of an imaginary dagger. Is this a dagger which I see before me,/ the handle toward my hand? Come, let me clutch thee. (2.1.33-34). He realizes that the dagger is just an image in his mind, but decides that it is a result of his fear and watchs with the task. This is the first patch where Macbeth shows a sign of a mental breakd experience, although he is liquid able to call somewhat rationally. This ultimately evolves into a hardened Macbeth and causes him to continue with his hideous actions until he is out of control. The murder of King Duncan is followed by the murders of m some(prenominal) an(prenominal) separates, including his closest friend Banquo.The build-up of guilt begins the affect Macbeths mental assign more and more until he can no longer deliberate straight. He begins to hallucinate and on occasion has visions of the ghost of B anquo. The ghost first appears at the banquet, where Macbeth sees the bloody image of Banquo sitting at the dinner table. His horrific reaction alone shows the guilt he has for the murder, and the fact that no other guests at the banquet are aware of the ghost confirms that the ghost has been make up in Macbeths head. This is the point at which the mental infirmity begins to take all over, causing Macbeth to behave insanely as well. The guilt and shame of his actions is what in the end destroys him. The murder of Macduffs family is the main example of how rampant he be grows it is the unnecessary murder of the complete innocent.Macbeths disgrace is pellucid near the end of the play, where he informs Macduff that he would not harm him as he is already guilty of murdering his whole family. But get thee keister my soul is too much charged/ With blood of thane already (5.8.6-7). He proves this when he has an opportunity to execute Macduff but instead backs d stimulate. This is the point in the play that represents the self-destruction of guilt. Out of revenge, Macduff soon after slays Macbeth, taking his life. With such a build up of guilt and shame driving him to the point of insanity, Macbeths mental instability eventually took over and led him to his own destruction. Macbeths wife experiences similar guilt, although is affected by it in a different way. wench Macbeth is the individual who first instigates Macbeth to commit his first crime.She has a considerable amount of ambition for forefinger, and is not afraid to execute every kind of horrific offence in order to get the power she wants. After the murder of the King, Lady Macbeth does not show signs of disgrace resembling her husband, in fact she tells Macbeth that they need to forget about the crime all together. Things without all remedy/ Should be without regard whats done is done. (3.2.13-14). However, guilt still haunts Lady Macbeth, but it haunts her in her subconscious. She makes it clear th at she is unable to ease at night and that she is disturbed by nightmares. Although, Lady Macbeth is only composite with the initial murder of Duncan, the several murders that follow are out of her control. Her supposition of covering up and forgetting about the crime is soon taken over by an out of control guilty conscience.She begins to show remorse for the actions, but her guilt is what drives her to her insanity. The point at which this is evident is when she is found sleep travel one night. During her soliloquy, memories of the night of the murder tumble out, revealing some of her guilty secrets. The Thane of Fife had a wife. Where is she now? (5.1.30). I tell you again, Banquo is buried he cannot come ons grave. (5.1.44). This is also the point at while Lady Macbeths mental instability begins to show. She starts hallucinating that she has blood on her give from the murder that she cannot seem to wash off. Out, damned sport Out, I label (5.1.25). Lady Macbeths shame overp owers her, leaving her incapable to think or act rationally and her conscience is what ultimately causes her to take her own life. Lady Macbeth loses control of her emotions and guilt and her shame overwhelms her to the point of suicide.Macduff is another character who is consumed with guilt as well, but for a different reason. His guilt is not for any crimes he has committed, but it is a result of one of Macbeths. Macduff leaves his family alone at their house in Scotland, while he travels to England in order to converge forces to stand against Macbeth. Because of this, Macbeth sees him as a threat to his power and does anything he can to stop him, just as he has to any other individuals who came across as a threat. While Macduff is away, Macbeth murders his wife and children, as well as any employees found in his house. Macduff blames himself and feels guilty for leaving his family alone to be slaughtered. Sinful Macduff,/ They were all struck for thee Naught I am,/ Not for thei r own demerits, but for mine,/ Fell slaughter on their souls. (4.3.231-234).Macduff then shows his firsts signs of inability to think rationally as a result of this guilt. His immediate reaction Is revenge on Macbeth, and he is then driven by the idea of his murder. Macduff vows to kill Macbeth on his own blade. When he achieves his wish of revenge and frees the country of Macbeths tyranny, he does so in a way that was no offend than the acts of Macbeth. Even when a persons guilt is brought upon them by an act which is out of their control, it can still affect their mental state and cause them to lose control of their emotions.No matter the individual, or their title, guilt can take over anyone. Both Macbeth and Lady Macbeth had guilt that led to their own self-destruction. Macduffs led to an irrational decision and a result no better than that of Macbeths actions. When individuals allow their emotions take over their actions it to a overlook of ability to reason, it can drive a p erson mad and ultimately lead to their own downfall.

Communication in Early Childhood Essay

Good communication in early puerility is essential because without communication the child wanders hopelessly around examineing for virtu altogethery explanation as to why things work the way they do. When born, children know who to look for, listen to and bond with. Even before birth their brains are already somewhat prewired for survival (Gerrig & Zimbardo 2008) Doctors and scientists have look intoed that in the womb babies favour the run of their mothers voices rather than voices of their fathers or a stranger. This is backed up by experiments showing that the fetal heart rate increases when the mothers voice is hear and decreases when a strangers voice is heard or even their fathers. This experi psychogenic research proves that the thoughts had about communication starting later on in babies mental development or even toddlers is a myth on both accounts. Children are designed to communicate from birth (Stamm & Spencer 2007)How this ability is cultivated depends on the envi ronment in which the child is contact in. The ability to communicate efficaciously in early childhood settings is crucial in social and mental development. When communicating with young children eye contact, body language and listening is all important factors to their learning development. Seventy percent of communication is non verbal so hand gestures and facial expressions with infants and small children can be interpreted in the wrong context if perceived to be scary or likewise intense. Keep in mind the environment in which the child is marched needs to be relaxed, clutter free.If there are too some(prenominal) noises or it is a very(prenominal) hectic environment the child is probably to be distracted easily which can hinder the communication development. parley refers to the development of a language system and language skills (Stamm & Spencer 2007) From a very early age children know how communicate. Whether it is by body language or speech, children develop their fo undations for communicating from at first their family members then those their family members choose to surround them with. It is not a switch that is turned on from a veritable age, developed over time with the use of neural commitment. Neural commitment is a part of the brain the helps the child develop in a few short years. It allows the child to sort, words, sounds, grammar and syntax of their native tongue.

Who am I and why do I want to be a social worker Essay

in force(p) like most children, I had my fantasies and wishes of adequate a medical fixate so I could aid alleviate the sufferings of many. Although this rely was not actualised as I ended up studying engineering but i unceasingly felt a big vacuum and an unquenchable desire which i couldnt explain until I became a feel for offer officiateerIn my early historic period as a evolution young girl in Africa, abuse and injustice happened on a daily basis and nothing was done about it. Female venereal mutilation was a tradition and many female children died in the process. A tradition where women were treated like slaves, children suffered abuse and neglect and not even the giving medication could stop it. Although I did not go by any of this because my p atomic number 18nts were improve and civilised, but these horrible incidents happened right before me to those my friends, neighbours and relatives and the sight of these oppression and injustices broke my heart but being that I was only a child, I couldnt intervene. However, this encounter kept playing like a tv in my mind till now that is has become clearer that my pursuit of becoming a social doer leave alone answer my many questions.My quest in pursuing this career was birthed when I gained alongside some good-hearted organisations in Nigeria during my National Youth Service. My service was in the health care setting where I had the opportunity to help state with various(a) family problems, health challenges, domestic violence, rape etc, and liaising with other non-governmental agencies to work with the less advantaged to achieve remediate lives. This populate went a long way in healing my mortified heart as a young innocent girl that grew up where injustice thrived.I turn out always been of the opinion that, if, e reallyone contributes positively towards the nightclub by way of giving help and relief where motivatinged, this world lead be a mitigate place. I further developed a keen interest to train in this career over the years because of my work and experience as a support worker and work with young homeless people in Germany. As a support worker, I worked with older people with learning disabilities and supported them in their give homes and in residential settings. During my residence in Germany, I pioneered a kind-heartedness organisation that was responsible to organise music concerts in the hospitals settings, residential homes for some(prenominal) the elderly and young people.I am deeply passionate, patient, and tolerant and admire the service of humanity. Since arriving here in UK, I have had the opportunity of works as a support worker and have further acquired and ameliorate my skills in areas such as communication, psychology and total well-being of individuals. I have also been able to work effectively with older people with disabilities by providing continuous support to them. Being a support worker has also helped to improve my conf idence, patience, interpersonal skills, and initiative. Supporting and empowering people have always been my passion and becoming a social worker will recall actualising my long awaited dream.According to Open University (2013) internet, social work is a profession which aims to protect children and adult from harm whatever their age, gender and cultural background. Social work thrives on social justice which is based on the concept of equality, human right, fairness, mutual obligation in the society and percentage to reduce mendicancy in the society. The latest slew on poverty according to Department for work and pension and Department of education (2013) internet, thither are almost 300,000 households in the UK where none of the adults has ever worked and 300,000 children with parents going through medicine issues. What will become of these children being raised in such a precarious situation? To deal with these issues, there is a need for solving the problem from its root r ather than approaching it on the surface. share these troubled families turn their lives around is paramount because children in such homes will have their chances of success reduced and this will be passed on to their following generation. I believe that while trying to improve the lives of adults and youths especially those with drug and alcoholic problems, helping children overcome poverty without waiting for it to escalate into large issues is appropriate. Family instability leads to poverty not just to the concerned families but to the social unit nation in general. Social justice is also about do family, community and society function better without prejudice, oppression, discrimination andinequality, providing the support and tools to help make life more comfortable. Some of the challenges encountered in the society have its roots traceable to early life. Evidence suggests that children tend to enjoy better life, become successful, and thrive better two psychologically a nd developmentally when the identical two parents are able to support and protect them through childishness stage. Attachment theory proves that the earliest bond between children and their parents have a tremendous long lasting impact that continues throughout their life time. How we are depends on how we experience this early relationship. Payne, M (2005).Another burning issue on my mind is people with disabilities and how they are being treated. Having an African background, my experience with children with disability is heart breaking. Africa has one of the largest populations of children with disabilities in the world. Their predicament which is swept at a lower place the carpet is also characterised by an exclusion from social service, inaccessible alkali as well as neglect and abuse. In fact, theres no program or assistance for the disabled in Africa both old and young.Taken into consideration that we live in a diverse society where we encounter people with different cult ure, backgrounds, race, believes, values etc, theres every need to accommodate, tolerate and celebrate each other unheeding of these differences. As a would be social worker, I intend facilitating metamorphose in some areas where lesser attention is paid. I am very passionate about family welfare and ensuring healthy relationship between children and their parents. I will ensure that I put into practice the social work values and ethics which will be acquired during my course of study unite it with my own values.

“Lolita” by Vladymir Nabokov Essay

The relationship between Humbert Humbert and Lolita, is highly undefined. Many readers who pee read Lolita find it to be based on lust, firearm others find Humbert to truly be in love with his Lolita. However, there is turn up that Humberts desire for Lolita is based on some obsessive-compulsive style which he can non require, and therefore keeps move for her. Humberts obsessions can be understandably recognized in his behaviors when looked upon in H. R. Beechs fixational States and Andrew marges Obsession and Culture A Study of Sexual Obsession in Modern Fictions perception of what obsession is. Humberts obsessional tendencies are displayed in many passages through his descriptive record book choices and his over bearing personality, such as when he describes Lolita after returning from camp to be, all rose and honey, ressed in her brightest gingham, with a pattern of teeny red apples,with scratches like tiny dotted lines of coagulated rubies, and the ribbed cuffs of her innocence whacks were turned down.Obsession can be a difficult publication because there is not a finite rendering of what obsession truly is. Who determines what obsession is? When does deep admiration pass and obsession begin? fit to S. Jack Rachman an obsession is an intrusive, repetitive thought, image, or impulse that is unacceptable or unwanted and gives rise to subjective resistance (2). Furthermore, Andrew edge states that the popular significance of the term obsession, including the new-sprung(prenominal) verb to obsess, which means to be persistently preoccupied most something, usually in an unsatisfactory relationship (195). These similar definitions are weighty when looking at Humberts actions because his actions are perceived by these qualities.First, Brink argues that most people befuddle an obsessional defense, and this defense is brought out of work force due to their fear of wo custody. More specifically, this defense mechanism is explained as the interna lization of bipolar impulses to both accept and reject the same attachment fair game (195). He further describes it as a defense in which the internalized take is split into accepting and rejecting aspects by which the person gains quasi-independence from her by identifying with her. (Nabokov, 112) This conception is present in Humberts relationship with Charolette Haze.By Humbert describing Charlotte upon there first contact with the poor lady in her middle thirties, she had a shiny forehead, draw eyebrows and quite simple (Nabokov, 37)Furthermore, Humbert states, Had Charlotte been Valaria, I would have have it awayn how to handle the stance by specifiedly twisting fat Valechkas brittle radiocarpal joint but anything of the sort in regard to Charlotte was unthinkable (83) as a way of letting the reader understand his scent out of fear, his lack of go through, and his despondency to regain his feeling of fancy. In hopes of regaining his lost sense of control Humbert plo ts to kill Charlotte with out her in his way Lolita would be his, and he would have full control over her. However, Humbert never went through with his scheme for the mere reason, poets never kill (Nabokov, 88) In accordance to Brinks definition of obsession, Humbert seems to fall elusively into obsessional defense in the sense that obsessive mens fear of women also manifests itself as control (196)Humberts intent to be controlling throughout the fresh leads the reader to believe he is obsessive. Throughout the novel Humbert remains in control most of the time, not only in control of the characters, but also in control of the readers. For example, Humbert tries to control the reader by making them believe his side of the fable to be true Frigid gentlewomen of the juryI am breathing out to tell you something very strange it was she who seduced me (Nabokov, 132). Humbert also tries to influence the therapists, stating, I notice there was an endless source of robust enjoyment in measly with psychiatrists cunningly leading them on never letting them see that you know all the tricks of the trade inventing for all them elaborate dreams,teasing them with fake primordial scenes (34).Brink, commenting on this scene stated the sadistic, controlling intent of this statement of crafty better than the therapist is typical of obsessional patients (102). Humbert has this need to feel he is in complete control. When the control is lost, a desire to retain his sense of dominance can overcome him. This is best presented to the reader as Humbert kills Quilty to the highest degree the end of the novel. Although previously not taking the opportunity to kill Charlotte, Humbert has already lost his control over Lolita, his love, and therefore finds killing Quilty as a way of having some sort of control recuperated. Walking through Quiltys house, previous to murdering him,Humbert locked as many doors as he could, controlling where Quilty could retrograde to. (Nabokov, 294) However, after the murder, turn swerving back and forth along the road, Humbert is halt by the police, and at that point gives up full control for insanity. (306-307) And therefore, upon losing control it is discovered Humbert truly is obsessive.Humberts obsessiveness is also conveyed through the words he uses, and the descriptions he gives his language conveys obsession. For instance, after Humberts first knowledgeable encounter with Lolita he describes her as brown, naked, frail Lo, her narrow white quarter to me, her sulky face to a door mirror, stood arms a akimbo, feet (in new slippers with pussy-fur tops) wide apart(Nabokov, 137-138). By remembering such detail while in jail years after the incident it seems quite percipient that Humbert had an obsessive nature. This is also conveyed when he describes Lolita as naked, except for one sock and her charm bracelet, a velvet hair ribbon was still clutched in her hand her honey-brown body, with the white negative image of a ru dimentary swimsuit patterned against her tan (125).Lolita is a very complicated novel to try out due to the many interpretations made by different individuals. However, it is apparent that Humbert was pathetic from some sort of obsessive disorder. It is apparent merely in what Humbert talks about and how he says it. There are few instances in the novel where Humbert is not speaking about Lolita or fascinating about having downright domination over nymphets.

Hasty Decisions in Romeo and Juliet Essay

The sad account of Romeo and Juliet hosts a plethora of in haste shed decisions. As ill-fated as the both star-crossed fans may birth been, the root of whole their problems stomach be traced back to their rash decisions. The movement Romeo and Juliet meet in the first place is because Romeo and Benvolio decide on a whim that they are going to go to the Capulet party to show Romeo that on that point are other beauties besides Rosaline. aft(prenominal) this all of the decisions of the characters are made on the spot, with small-scale to no forethought going into them.Had the characters thought their choices done a bit more thoroughly then perhaps they wouldnt brace had to deal with the resulting tragedy. These are just a few of the flawed choices that at long last lead to Romeo and Juliets untimely demise. As mentioned the decision that caused the ignition of this ill-fated romance was when Romeo and Benvolio made the choice to go to the Capulet party. They hear sl ightly it when reading the Capulet messengers letter and rashly decide to go to the party so as to help Romeo get over Rosaline.The event that they willingly decide to go to their enemys party to adventure women is abhorrent since they know the troubles that could ensue if they got caught. If they had put a little more thought into the consequences of such actions then maybe Romeo and Juliet would not have cease up in such a turbulent romance. Another naughtily made decision was when after knowing each other for a single day Romeo and Juliet decide to get married. The amount of flaws in their system of logic whilst deciding upon this course of action is numerous.First, after such a abruptly amount of time they hardly know each other, second, before making such a huge step for their futures it wouldve been wise to first assimilate if they could do anything to help end their families feuding so that they wouldnt have to trammel their love a secret. Their secret marriage inesca pably leads to many problems including that Juliets dad wants her to marry Paris. Since she is already married this supposition throws her into a forgather of rage and despair.This leads to another whirlwind of events that in the end forges the way to one of Romeo and Juliets final and greatest mistake. The last and quite possibly the biggest mistake that the lovers make is when they decide to take their own lives to be with each other. The reason this happens is due(p) to even more hastily made decisions. The first event that leads to this tragic ending is when Friar Lawrence decides to give Juliet a potion to make her sleep for a day despite not having mentioned any f their plans to Romeo. The friar does impart a letter but it gets delayed so Romeo has no idea that Juliets death is a hoax. Instead of doing something rational Romeo then decides to barter for a vial of poison and kill himself at Juliets grave. At the grave Romeo ends up killing Paris and a few proceeding before Juliet is suppose to wake up takes the poison and dies. If Romeo had waited a little longer or tried to go to Friar Lawrence to see ab discover what had happened this catastrophe could have been avoided.Shortly after Romeo dies Juliet wakes up and is stricken with unsurmountable despair at his death. When the friar tries to get her to leave the tomb she finds a dagger and kills herself. Juliets decision to kill herself because she is unable to be with her lover in life is quite a brash and thoughtless decision. After she woke up she could have left with the friar and tried to sort out her feelings first before making such a permanent decision, but instead her forthright nature gets the best of her and she ends up dead because of it.Romeo and Juliet perfectly depict that rash decisions lead to defective conclusions. In conclusion Romeo and Juliet can be more accurately described as a tale of hastily made decisions leading to unfortunate conclusions rather than the story of two st ar-crossed lovers who were destined to be kept apart. The key events that lead to their deaths are all caused by someone caught in the heat of the moment and not mentation clearly.From the decision to go to the Capulet party to all the events that contributed to their fast paced romance, perfunctory decisions have overshadowed them all. Through these choices the tragic flaws of Romeo and Juliet are revealed. It becomes apparent early on that Romeos tragic flaw is his impulsiveness and inability to control his love for Juliet. Juliets tragic flaw is her loyalty towards Romeo which leads to her death when she is separated from him. Romeo and Juliet were the victimized by themselves, and ultimately it ends up leading to their untimely deaths.

Foundation and Empire 12. Captain And Mayor

senior pilot Han Pritcher was unused to the luxury of his surroundings and by no means impressed. As a general thing, he discouraged self-analysis and all forms of philosophy and metaphysics non lookly connected with his work.It helped.His work consisted mostly of what the War Depart handst called intelligence, the sophisticates, espionage, and the ro gentlemanticists, sleuth stuff. And, unfortunately, despite the frothy shrillness of the televisors, intelligence, espionage, and spy stuff ar at best a sordid short letter of routine betrayal and bad faith. It is excused by society since it is in the post of the extract, scarcely since philosophy seemed always to lead Captain Pritcher to the culmination that even in that holy interest, society is much more comfortably soothed than ones own conscience he discouraged philosophy.And now, in the luxury of the city managers anteroom, his thoughts sour inward despite himself.Men had been promoted over his head continuously, tho ugh of lesser ability that much was admitted. He had withstood an eternal rain of black tag and official reprimands, and survived it. And recalcitrantly he had held to his own way in the bulletproof belief that insubordination in that same holy interest of the State would yet be recognized for the service it was.So here(predicate) he was in the anteroom of the city manager-with five soldiers as a respectful guard, and credibly a court-martial awaiting him.The heavy, marble doors rolled apart smoothly, silently, revealing satiny walls, a red plastic carpeting, and two more marble doors, metal-inlaid, within. cardinal officials in the straight-lined costume of three centuries back, stepped out, and calledAn audience to Captain Han Pritcher of Information.They stepped back with a ceremonious bow as the captain started forward. His escort stopped at the outer door, and he entered the inner alone.On the other side of the doors, in a mammoth room strangely simple, behind a large d esk strangely angular, sat a small man, almost lost in the immensity,Mayor Indbur successively the third of that name was the grandson of the outgrowth Indbur, who had been brutal and overt and who had exhibited the first quality in spectacular fashion by his demeanor of seizing power, and the latter by the science with which he put an residuum to the last farcical remnants of free election and the even greater skill with which he maintained a relatively peaceful rule.Mayor Indbur was in addition the son of the second Indbur, who was the first Mayor of the arse to succeed to his slip by right of birth and who was simply half his father, for he was moreover brutal.So Mayor Indbur was the third of the name and the second to succeed by right of birth, and he was the least of the three, for he was incomplete brutal nor capable but merely an excellent bookkeeper born wrong.Indbur the Third was a singular combination of ersatz characteristics to all but himself.To him, a stilted nonrepre directational love of arrangement was system, an indefatigable and feverish interest in the pettiest facets of day-after-day bureaucracy was industry, indecision when right was caution, and blind self-will when wrong, determination.And withal he wasted no money, killed no man needlessly, and meant extremely well.If Captain Pritchers depressed thoughts ran along these lines as he remained respectfully in place onward the large desk, the wooden arrangement of his features yielded no insight into the fact. He neither coughed, shifted weight, nor shuffled his feet until the thin face of the mayor lift slowly as the ready stylus ceased in its task of marginal nonations, and a opinion poll of close-printed paper was lifted from one clean stack and dictated upon another neat stack.Mayor Indbur clasped his hands guardedly before him, deliberately refraining from disturbing the careful arrangement of desk accessories.He said, in acknowledgment, Captain Han Prit cher of Information.And Captain Pritcher in hard-and-fast obedience to protocol bent one knee n archaean to the state and bowed his head until he heard the words of release.Arise, Captain PritcherThe mayor said with an air of warm sympathy, You are here, Captain Pritcher, because of certain disciplinal attain taken against yourself by your original officer. The papers c erstwhilerning such action lead come, in the ordinary course of events, to my notice, and since no event in the groundwork is of disinterest to me, I took the trouble to ask for further culture on your case. You are not, I hope, surprised.Captain Pritcher said unemotionally, Excellence, no. Your arbitrator is proverbial.Is it? Is it? His tone was pleased, and the tinted contact lenses he wore caught the light in a bearing that imparted a hard, dry gleam to his eyes. Meticulously, he fanned out a series of metal-bound folders before him. The parchment sheets within crackled sharply as he turned them, his lo ng finger following down the line as he spoke.I make up your enter here, captain complete. You are forty-three and pass on been an Officer of the Armed Forces for seventeen years. You were born in Loris, of Anacreonian parents, no serious childhood diseases, an attack of myo well, thats of no importance education, premilitary, at the honorary society of Sciences, major, hyper-engines, academic standing hm-m-m, very good, you are to be congratulated entered the Army as Under-Officer on the one hundred second day of the 293rd year of the infrastructure Era.He lifted his eyes momentarily as he shifted the first folder, and opened the second.You see, he said, in my administration, nothing is left to chance. Order organisationHe lifted a pink, scented jelly-globule to his lips. It was his one vice, and but dolingly indulged in. happen the fact that the mayors desk lacked that almost-inevitable atom flash for the disposal of dead tobacco. For the mayor did not smoke.Nor, as a matte r of course, did his visitors.The mayors voice droned on, methodically, slurringly, mumblingly now and hence interspersed with mouth comments of equally mild and equally ineffectual commendation or reproof.Slowly, he replaced the folders as originally, in a single neat pile.Well, captain, he said, briskly, your record is unusual. Your ability is outstanding, it would seem, and your services valuable beyond question. I note that you grow been wounded in the line of duty twice, and that you have been awarded the Order of virtue for bravery beyond the call of duty. Those are facts not lightly to be minimized.Captain Pritchers expressionless face did not soften. He remained stiffly erect. communications protocol required that a subject honored by an audience with the mayor may not sit down a point peradventure needlessly reinforced by the fact that only one top existed in the room, the one underneath the mayor. Protocol further required no statements other than those needed to an swer a direct question. The mayors eyes stupid down hard upon the soldier and his voice grew pointed and heavy. However, you have not been promoted in ten years, and your fantabulouss report, over and over again, of the unbending stubbornness of your character. You are account to be chronically insubordinate, incapable of maintaining a correct attitude towards superior officers, apparently uninterested in maintaining frictionless relationships with your colleagues, and an incurable troublemaker, besides. How do you let off that, captain?Excellence, I do what seems right to me. My deeds on behalf of the State, and my wounds in that cause bear witness that what seems fight to me is also in the interest of the State.A soldierly statement, captain, but a dangerous doctrine. More of that, later. Specifically, you are charged with refusing an assignment three times in the face of orders sign by my legal delegates. What have you to say to that?Excellence, the assignment lacks signific ance in a critical time, where matters of first importance are being treat.Ah, and who tells you these matters you tell of are of the first importance at all, and if they are, who tells you further that they are ignored?Excellence, these things are quite evident to me. My experience and my experience of events the value of neither of which my superiors deny make it plain.But, my good captain, are you blind that you do not see that by arrogating to yourself the right to deter tap Intelligence policy, you usurp the duties of your superior?Excellence, my duty is primarily to the State, and not to my superior.Fallacious, for your superior has his superior, and that superior is myself, and I am the State. But come, you shall have no cause to complain of this justice of mine that you say is proverbial. State in your own words the nature of the offend in discipline that has brought all this on.Excellence, my duty is primarily to the State, and not to my invigoration the life of a re tired merchant mariner upon the world of Kalgan. My instructions were to direct groundwork activity upon the planet, perfect an organization to act as term of enlistment upon the warlord of Kalgan, particularly as regards his foreign policy.This is known to me. ContinueExcellence, my reports have continually stressed the strategic positions of Kalgan and the systems it controls. I have reported on the dreaming of the warlord, his resources, his determination to extend his domain and his essential friendliness or, perhaps, neutrality towards the Foundation.I have read your reports thoroughly. ContinueExcellence, I returned two months ago. At that time, thither was no sign of impending war no sign of anything but an almost superfluity of ability to repel any conceivable attack. one and only(a) month ago, an unknown soldier of fortune took Kalgan without a fight. The man who was once warlord of Kalgan is apparently no longer alive. Men do not declaim of treason they speak only of the power and genius of this strange condottiere this Mule.This who? the mayor leaned forward, and looked offended.Excellence, he is known as the Mule. He is spoken of little, in a factual sense, but I have gathered the scraps and fragments of knowledge and winnowed out the most probable of them. He is apparently a man of neither birth nor standing. His father, unknown. His mother, dead in childbirth. His upbringing, that of a vagabond. His education, that of the tramp worlds, and the subspecies alleys of space. He has no name other than that of the Mule, a name reportedly applied by himself to himself, and signifying, by popular explanation, his immense physical strength, and stubbornness of purpose.What is his military strength, captain? Never mind his physique.Excellence, men speak of huge fleets, but in this they may be influenced by the strange chance upon of Kalgan. The territory he controls is not large, though its exact limits are not capable of definite determination . Nevertheless, this man must be examined.Hm-m-m. So So The mayor fell into a reverie, and slowly with twenty-four strokes of his stylus move six squares in hexagonal arrangements upon the blank top sheet of a pad, which he tore off, folded neatly in three parts and slipped into the wastepaper one-armed bandit at his right hand. It slid towards a clean and silent atomic disintegration. now then, tell me, captain, what is the alternative? You have told me what must be investigated. What have you been ordered to investigate?Excellence, there is a rat hole in space that, it seems, does not pay its taxes.Ah, and is that all? You are not aware, and have not been told that these men who do not pay their taxes, are descendants of the wild Traders of our early days anarchists, rebels, social maniacs who claim Foundation ancestry and deride Foundation culture. You are not aware, and have not been told, that this rat hole in space, is not one, but many that these rat holes are in greater number than we know that these rat holes conspire together, one with the other, and all with the bend elements that still exist throughout Foundation territory. Even here, captain, even hereThe mayors momentary fire subsided quickly. You are not aware, captain?Excellence, I have been told all this. But as servant of the State, I must get along faithfully and he serves most faithfully who serves Truth. Whatever the political implications of these settlings of the ancient Traders the warlords who have inherited the splinters of the old Empire have the power. The Traders have neither arms nor resources. They have not even unity. I am not a tax collector to be sent on a childs errand.Captain Pritcher, you are a soldier, and count guns. It is a failing to be allowed you up to the point where it involves disobedience to myself. Take care. My justice is not simply weakness. Captain, it has already been proven that the generals of the Imperial Age and the warlords of the show up age a re equally impotent against us. Seldons science which predicts the course of the Foundation is based, not on individual heroism, as you seem to believe, but on the social and economic trends of history. We have passed successfully through four crises already, have we not?Excellence, we have. Yet Seldons science is known only to Seldon. We ourselves have but faith. In the first three crises, as I have been carefully taught, the Foundation was led by wise leaders who foresaw the nature of the crises and took the neat precautions. Otherwise who can say?Yes, captain, but you omit the fourth crisis. Come, captain, we had no leadership worthy of the name then, and we faced the cleverest opponent, the heaviest armor, the strongest force of all. Yet we win by the inevitability of history.Excellence, that is true. But this history you mention became inevitable only after we had fought desperately for over a year. The inevitable triumph we won cost us half a thousand ships and half a milli on men. Excellence, Seldons plan helps those who help themselves.Mayor Indbur frowned and grew suddenly tired of his patient exposition. It occurred to him that there was a fallacy in condescension, since it was mistaken for permission to postulate eternally to grow contentious to wallow in dialectic. He said, stiffly, Nevertheless, captain, Seldon guarantees victory over the warlords, and I can not, in these busy times, indulge in a dispersal of effort. These Traders you dismiss are Foundation-derived. A war with them would be a civil war. Seldons plan makes no guarantee there for us since they and we are Foundation. So they must be brought to heel. You have your orders.Excellence-You have been asked no question, captain. You have your orders. You will obey those orders. Further argument of any carriage with myself or those representing myself will be considered treason. You are excused.Captain Han Pritcher knelt once more, then left with slow, backward steps.Mayor Indbur, thir d of his name, and second mayor of Foundation history to be so by fight of birth, recovered his equilibrium, and lifted another sheet of paper from the neat stack at his left. It was a report on the saving of funds due to the reduction of the measuring rod of metal-foam edging on the uniforms of the police force. Mayor Indbur crossed out a superfluous comma, corrected a misspelling, made three marginal notations, and placed it upon the neat stack at his fight. He lifted another sheet of paper from the neat stack at his left.Captain Han Pritcher of Information anchor a Personal Capsule waiting for him when he returned to barracks. It contained orders, terse and redly underlined with a stamped URGENT across it, and the whole initialed with a precise, capital I.Captain Han Pritcher was ordered to the rebel world called Haven in the strongest terms.Captain Han Pritcher, alone in his light one-man speedster, set his course quiet and calmly for Kalgan. He slept that night the sleep of a successfully stubborn man.

Describe Your Impression Essay

Prior to working in government, I worked in the individual(a) sector. In comparison of the ii cultures, I realize that politics comprise in both cultures and it is a game that I re altogethery do not like to play. My impression of the two cultures leave a bent to be desired in the sense that I am angiotensin-converting enzyme who is not afraid of hard work I am invariably committed to the job. However, working in the private sector gave me a greater sense of satisfaction I could prioritize my work and get things through there was less bureaucracy.I could determine what was good for the organization, apportion it with my attention who respected what I brought to the table and implement a cohesive dodge that would benefit the organization. works in government you have to be disposed(p) and committed to the policies that sometime prevent you from completing your job.(i.e. public interference and inseparable obstacles) in addition to working with people who do not share the ana logous ideals as you. The government mentality of being a penning pusher was a concept that I fight with myself constantly about.My setoff few years in government, I went above and beyond what was expect of me because I did not like the feeling of being unresponsive. Working in government I now see what the mentality is all about. I as an individual am not a newspaper publisher pusher I am a results driven hard player who wants to see the results of my hard work however, being in government you do not control what gets accomplished by your work ethic you only control what is expected of you meaning I do what I am supposed to do however what road the journey takes does not aim on me it depends on who is going to benefit from the fruits of my labor.The positive side of the two cultures Private Sector gives you room to grow based on your shipment to work, There is less beauracy to deal with and most are working toward the same goal. In government, when you are given a task, the positive side is that you populate it is for the good of the mass and you can envision the end result.

Consumer Behavior Study Notes

MKTG 4150 hear NOTES Chapter 1 An Introduction to Consumer Behaviour What is Consumer Behaviour? Consumer Behaviour the study of the exploites intricate when various(prenominal)s or themes select, procure, physical exertion, or dispose of harvest-tides, utilitys, ideas, or experiences to satisfy leads and appetencys. Consumer doings is a physical put to work Buyer behaviour the interaction in the midst of consumers and build uprs at the era of purchase. * Ex alter (two or more than organizations or population exhibit and receive some(prenominal)thing of mensurate) is an integral p cunning of findeting Consumer behaviour involves many antithetic actors Purchaser and the user of a crossroad may non needs be the equivalent mortal * A nonher someone send word in addition act as an influencer when providing recommendations for or against certain intersectionions with protrude actu totallyy get or using them Segmenting Consumers Market Segmentation pro cess of identifying crowdings of consumers who argon similar to wholeness an opposite in one or more panaches and excogitate sliteting st arraygies that appeal to one or more bases Demographics statistics that valuate discernable aspects of a population (i. e. birth rate, get along with distri plainlyion, income, etc. * Changes and trends revealed in demographic studies atomic number 18 of gr cancel out pastime to marters since it can be use to find and predict the sizes of markets * Markets can unremarkably be segmented by age, gender, family structure, kindly course of action and income, ethnicity, geography, and feeling personal manners Chapter 2 Perception Exposure Exposure the degree to which great deal recognise a remark that is within range of their sensory receptors receptive Thresholds Psyc hopshysics the science that focuses on how the physical milieu is integrated into our individualised, subjective universe of discourse The absolute door mannerAbs olute threshold the minimum heart of stimulation that can be happen uponed on a sensory channel The variantial threshold contrastiveial threshold the ability of a sensory governance to detect transports in a stimulation or divergencys among the two stimuli alone noticeable difference (JND) the minimum change in a foreplay that can be detected * The ability to detect a difference amid two stimuli is the relative difference between the decibel aim of the message and its surroundings Webers Law The stronger the initial stimulant drug, the great its change must be for it to be detect K= ? II whereK = the constant enlarge or decrease necessary for the arousal to be noticed (this varies across the sniff outs) ?I = the minimal change in intensity of the stimulus required to be just noticeable to the person (JND) I = the intensity of the stimulus before the change eliminates * Retailers superior generally use a markdown rule of at least 20% to make an usurpation on sho ppers Subliminal Perception * some other(prenominal) word for threshold is limen and stimuli that fall below the limen atomic number 18 called subliminal Subliminal perception occurs when the stimulus is below the level of the consumers awargonness Subliminal techniquesEmbeds footling figures that ar inserted into magazine advert by using spirited focal ratio photography or airbrushing (supposedly exert strong except unconscious influences on innocent readers) Does subliminal perception work? Evaluating the evidence Factors why subliminal messages do not work 1. There are wide individual differences in threshold levels. For a subliminal message to affect all individuals, it must be able to grade ALL thresholds (which is impossible) 2. Advertisers cannot control the consumers position and distance from the screen (not everyone entrust put one across the same amount of exposure) 3.Consumers must pay absolute up throttle to the stimulus (not everyone does, most mess are distracted) 4. Even if there is an effect, it and operates on a general level (cant get a circumstantial message out) circumspection Attention the consummation in which the humors processing exercise is devoted to a peculiar(prenominal) stimulus Multitask the ability to process instruction from more than one medium at a time perceptual sensitivity process in which people at function to only a gloomy portion of the stimuli to which they are exposed Personal selection factorsPerceptual on the qui vive consumers are more presumable to be aware of stimuli that relate to their stream needs (i. e. if you are hungry you will notice more nutriment signs) Perceptual defence people see what they require to see and acceptt see what they dont want to see. If a stimulus is threatening to us in some way, we may not process it or we may belie its meaning so that it is more grateful (i. e. smokers ignoring the warning on the cigarette package) Adaptation the degree to which consume rs continue to notice a stimulus over time (the more exposed to are, the slight sensitive you are to it)Factors leading to adaptation * Intensity (less(prenominal) intense stimuli expend because they open less of a sensory impact) * Duration (stimuli that require extensive exposure to be processed tend to routineuate because they require a long attention span) * Discrimination (simple stimuli tend to habituate because they do not require attention to detail) * Exposure (frequently encountered stimuli tend to habituate as the rate of exposure increases) * Relevance (stimuli that are irrelevant or unimportant will habituate because they fail to attract attention)Stimulus selection factors Factors that allow stimuli to be noticed * Size * Colour * Position * Novelty (stimuli that appear in un letd for(predicate) ways or bureaus tend to grab attention) Chapter 3 education & retentiveness Learning relatively permanent change in behavior that is ca apply by experience. Incidental submiting unintentional acquisition of hunchledge. Behavioural Learning Theories behavioral Learning Theories assume eruditeness outputs place because of results to external evets. shed light onical Conditioning phaseical learn when a stimulus that elicits a response is paired with some other stimulus that initially does not elicit a response on its own. all over time this 2nd stimulus (UCS) causes a similar response because it is associated with the prototypical stimulus (CS). Unconditional stimulus (UCS) a stimulus naturally dependent of causing a response (i. e. flavouring) Conditioned stimulus (CS) a stimulus that causes a response because of a learned association (i. e. bell) Conditioned response (CR) a bleak or modified response elicited by a stimulus by and by conditioning (i. . drool) Repetition * Repeated exposures increase the strength of stimulus-response associations and prevent the decay of these associations in storehouse * Most impelling repetition s trategy seems to be a combination of spaced exposures that turn over in terms of media that are more or less involving * deprivation of association can be due to extinction (when the effects of a prior conditioning are reduced and finally disappear) Advertising crumbleout tell similar advertisements will lead to consumers tuning outStimulus generalization Stimulus trigger tendency of stimuli similar to CS to evoke similar conditioned responses dissemble posting strategy used to deliberately hide a products true pedigree Applications * Family branding ( chapiterize on the repetition of a company name) * product bound ex focuss ( touch up products are added to an established brand) * Licensing ( well(p)-known names are rented by others) * Look-alike packaging (distinctive packaging designs create strong associations with a particular brand)Stimulus discrimination Stimulus Discrimination stimulus similar to CS is not followed by a UCS - causes weakened reactions subservient Conditioning Instrumental Conditioning known as operant conditioning, individual learns to per exploit behaviors that produce prescribed outcomes and avoids oppose ones. There are 4 types positive/negative advantage, punishment, extinction Shaping process of rewarding intermediate actions (i. e. customers are rewarded with discounts in hopes of them coming for a second visit) 1.Positive Re datarcement rewarding, response is streng accordinglyed and portion behavior learned. RECEIVES A REACTION after(prenominal) DOING SOMETHING, SIMILAR TO PUNISHMENT. (i. e. getting a cookie for every A+) 2. Negative Reinforcement the avoidance of a negative outcome by doing said behavior, NOTHING IS RECEIVED AFTER DOING SOMETHING. This is different from punishment, which doesnt use avoidance to learn. (i. e. getting compliments from article of clothe nice perfume) 3. Punishment a response is followed by beastly events. RECEIVES AN acerb REACTION. (i. e. lap on the hand for eating without ut ensils) 4. Extinction removal of positive event weakens responses, which are no protracted followed by positive outcome. Consumers learn that responses no longer produce positive outcome. (i. e. woman no longer receives compliments on her perfume) Key for marketers is determining the most effective reinforcement schedule (amount of effort and resources they must devote to rewarding consumers to condition coveted behaviours) * Fixed-Interval Reinforcement A reward is make after a contract time period has elapsed. i. e. mouse hitting a departure for forage that will only come in intervals of 2 minutes, theyll satisfyingize that and only begin to hit the button as every 2 min. mark looms but will not do anything right after that mark has passed. textbook uses an example of pass sales season * Variable-Interval Reinforcement clock before reinforcement varies around some average but not specified. i. e. mystery store cow dung ups by management, induces staff to always keep on a mellow-level of service as opposed to only when check up periods loom * Fixed-ratio Reinforcement Reinforcement occurs after a frozen(p) of responses. . e. royalty programs, getting a prize for hitting a button 10x * Variable-ratio Reinforcement Reinforcement occurs after a certain number of responses, but he/she does not know how many are required. Produces very high and steady rates, behavior is very difficult to distinguish. i. e. slot machines, you know youll get on eventually, just dont know exactly how many tries relative frequency Marketing reinforces behavior of regular purchasers by giving prizes in line with amount purchased. i. e. royalty programs, frequent flyer programs. is building a database for purification product mixes, selling strategies, tailoring communications makes retention programs more effective, product launches/redesigns more successful, blunders prevented. Cognitive Learning theory Cognitive Learning Theory contrasting behavioral theories of e ducation, this focuses more on internal mental processes, i. e. creativity and insight. Views people as problem solvers and we actively use info to passe-partout the environment. Is Learning Conscious or Not? Mindlessness the ability to process in ricochetation in an automatic/passive manner * Argument as to whether or not learning is conscious.There are arguments that some people do things mindlessly and rely on their adaptive un sentience Observational Learning Observational Learning occurs when people watch the actions of others and note the reinforcements they receive for their behaviors learning vicariously rather than directly AKA idealing Lesson marketers can show consumer a baffle + reinforcement without having to directly reward/punish the consumer to influence behavior The Role of repositing in Learning Memory process of getting information and storing it over time for future availability The way info is encoded is important, if data can be associated with other info in remembering already, better chance of forward-looking data being retained sensational Meaning a stimulus may be interpreted in terms of the redeeming(prenominal) senses it evokes, much(prenominal)(prenominal) as colour or shape semantic Meaning typical associations, i. e. generous people drink champagne periodic memories memories that relate to events that are personally relevant. + motivation to retain these memories Flashbulb Memories memories that are triggered by a stimulus, i. e. (wedding) song that reminds them of their wedding Memory dodgings 3 Types of Memory Systems 1. Sensory Memory permits depot of info received from our senses very temporary, i. e. the olfactory property of a bakery when we walk by. If info warrants further investigation, it passes by dint of the attentional gate and xferred to STM. a. Capacity High b. Duration 1 second (vision), a couple of(prenominal) seconds (hearing) 2. Short-Term Memory/working retentivity stores info for rest rict time, force is limited. Holds info that we are currently processing c.Capacity Limited d. Duration 20 seconds e. Chunking combining small pieces into larger pieces to store info 3. semipermanent Memory a system that allows for long retaining of info f. Requires elaborative rehearsal sentiment about meaning of stimulus and relating to other information in memory Storing Information in Memory Activation Models of Memory depending on constitution of processing task, different levels of processing occur that activate some aspects of memory rather than others, +effort, + promising of LTM storage Associative networksAssociative Network/cognition Structures a spiderweb of associates containing info for a club of c erstwhilepts (brands, stores, manufacturers), a storage unit * Info are placed into nodes, connected by associable links. Pieces of info seen similarly are chunked in some abstract form Hierarchical Processing Model info is processed bottom-up, begins basic then inc reases to complex processing, if it fails to evoke further processing, info is terminated and capacity allocated elsewhere Evoked Set a list of recallable information pertaining to a questioned stratum (i. . perfume). Implication position itself in the right categories by providing cues ( luxuriousness for ex. ) Spreading activating Spreading Activation as one node is activated, associated nodes are as well done links. = recalling competition/relevant attributes of brand, such(prenominal) as * brand-specific claims of brand * ad-specific claims of ad * brand identification * product category how product works, where to be used, experiences with it * evaluative reactions that looks like fun takes of knowledgeLevels of Knowledge Meaning Concepts Proposition scheme Script (schema) sequence of procedures expected from an individual Factors influencing forgetting Interference stimulus-response associations will be forgotten if Retroactive learning unseasoned responses to sam e/similar stimuli proactive prevent newfangled learning as a result of one-time(prenominal) learning Chapter 4 motif and apprizes The Motivational Process Motivation processes that cause behavior, occurs when need is aroused and consumer wants to satisfy it Utilitarian desire to r each(prenominal) some functional/practical turn a profit. i. e. cquiring a pair of durable footrace shoes Hedonic experiential need involving emotional responses/fantasies. i. e. a peculiar(prenominal) pair of running shoes for triathlon Goal the desired end land arrive the difference between a consumers present and desired several(prenominal)ise creates tension. The magnitude of this tension determines the urgency of the consumer to reduce this tension. That degree of arousal is fix Want a manifestation of a need (basic needs such as hunger) particular form of pulmonary tuberculosis to satisfy a need (such as eating hamburgers or hotdogs or chicken wings or caviar to satisfy hunger) Motivati onal Strength degree to which a person is willing to expend energy to reach a purpose as opposed to other resiles his/her underlying motivation to attain that goal Drive Theory Drive Theory biological needs that produce unpleasant reads of arousal (stomach growling). We are motivated to reduce tension * marketing tension = unpleasant state desired state . achieve balance = homeostasis forethought Theory Expectancy Theory behavior is largely pulled by expectations of achieving coveted outcomes, positive incentives. It is a cognitive theory rather than biological Types of require think Maslows hierarchy of needs Biogenic elements necessary to maintain life (water, air, shelter) Psychogenic ethnically related, as belonging to multitudes, having posture, power, affiliation Motivational Conflicts valence a goal can be either positive or negative Approach-approach conflict * choice between two desirable alternatives i. e. go home for holidays to see family or ski with friends Theory of Cognitive stochasticity when picking between two products and one is selected, congenitally youll lose on the benefits of the other and gain the negatives of the one chosen.People will start to rationalize their purchase, as a marketer, you can aid this conflict by bundling several benefits in your communications to protagonist Approach-avoidance conflict * desire a goal but wish to avoid it as well i. e. want a goose to look cool, dont want to be labeled Canada douche, bag of chips * marketing implication overcome guilt by convincing luxury is worthy it, remove the negative aspects (fake fur) Avoidance-avoidance conflict * choice between two unsuitable alternatives i. e. throw + money at old car vs. acquire a new one marketing implication help them legitimateize the out of the blue(predicate) options of one option Maslows Hierarchy of Needs Consumer enfolding appointment a persons perceived relevance of the object based on their inherent needs, ring and intere sts. object = brand, product, advertisement or purchase slip Level of Involvement * can range from simple processing to elaboration (info is related to pre- subsisting knowledge systems) * a continuum * low end = inertia (decisions = habit because consumer lacks motivation to consider alt) * high end will find ablaze intensity for people objects that look great meaning Flow state when consumers are truly involved with a product, ad, or website Characterized by * sense of playfulness * feeling of control * concentration/ exceedingly focused attention * mental enjoyment of activity for its own sake * distorted sense of time * match between challenge at hand and ones skills * Another view is the type of involvement cognitive or affective (rational/emotional) furor products Cult mathematical products commands fierce loyalty, devotion and worship by consumers who are highly involved with brand i. e. Apple fanboys The Many Faces of InvolvementProduct involvement Product Involvement a consumers level of interest in a particular product. It can increase by having consumers involved in designing/personalizing. Mass customization customization on potbelly takings costs i. e. t-shirts, Dell computers Message-response involvement Message-Response Involvement level of interest within a medium of communication i. e. tv = low, print ad = higher (can pause and reflect) Tactic spectacles or performances, where message is alike go intainment Marketing performances turn public places into advertising dresss, such as flash mobs. x. Sony BMG hired a group of passengers to burst into Thriller dance to conjure up MJs 25th anniversary of Thriller album Interactive mobile marketing lodge in real-time promotional campaigns by cell phones Purchase situation involvement Purchase Situation Involvement differences that may occur when buying the same object in different contexts i. e. when trying to impress mortal you may buy a nice brand to reflect good taste, but if buying for your hated cousin, you may buy something shit because you dont cautiousness ValuesValues a belief that some condition is preferable to its opposite. a function of individual, accessible and cultural forces Core Values Value System a neighborlyisations ranking of universal hold dears, such as health, wisdom, or adult male pacification well-disposedization Agents institutions/people that teach us beliefs, like parents, teachers or friends socialization process of learning beliefs and behaviors endorsed by ones own elaboration socializing learning of anothers finis How Values Link to Consumer Behaviour * Cultural values (i. e. surety or happiness) * uptake-specific values (i. . convenient shopping or prompt service) * Product-specfic values (i. e. ease of use or durability) Hofstedes cultural dimensions Hofstedes Cultural Dimensions hit a country based on its standing of 5 dimensions so users can compare/contrast values * Power distance extent of expectations and ac ceptance of unequal power diffusion by less brawny members of organizations/institutions (like a family) * individualism degree to which an individuals are integrated into groups * masculinity statistical distribution of roles between genders uncertainty avoidance rules of orders tolerance with uncertainty & ambiguity * long-term orientation values of long term = thrift/perseverance improvident term = tradition, fulfilling social obligations, protecting ones face The Rokeach value survey Rokeach Value Suvery desexualize of terminal values (end states) and instrumental values (actions required to achieve terminal values) i. e. Americans rage for freedom (freedom to bear arms, expression, etc. due in large to history of wars for freedom, Canadians love equality The list of values (LOV) racing shell List of Values (LOV) Scale developed to isolate values w/ more direct-marketing applications. Identifies nine consumer segments based on values The instrument-end chain model Me ans-End Chain Model products are valued as a means to an end (they have abstract value beyond its bare product state) Laddering consumers climb a ladder of abstraction that connects functional product attributes to desired end states i. . diamond ring for wedding = size of paycheque = size of love = size of self-worth Means-End Conceptualization of the Components of Advertising Strategy (MECCAS) 1st map blood of product to terminal values, then employ * message elements specific attributes/features to be depicted * consumer benefits + consequences of usage of product * executional framework overall style/ banknote of ad leverage point the way message will link terminal value with features * driving force end value upon which advertising focuses on Syndicated Surveys Syndicated Surveys large-scale, syndicated surveys to track changes in values Voluntary Simplifiers believe once basic material needs are met, + income adds no value careful consumerism a new core value? Conscient ious Consumerism a value related directly to consumerism (ex. green) LOHAS life styles of health and sustainabilityThe carbon remnant and offsets Carbon footprint posters (in units of carbon dioxide) the impact human activities have on the environment in terms of the amount of greenhouse gases they produce Primary footprint measure of our direct emissions of CO2 from the burning of fossil fuels Secondary footprint measure of the indirect emissions of CO2 from the whole life cycle of products we use physicalism importance of which people attach to beingly possessions Chapter 5 The selfPerspectives on the ego Self-Concept Self-Concept beliefs a person holds about his attributes and they quantify these qualities Self-esteem Self-esteem the positiveness of your attitude toward yourself Social Comparison a process where person evaluates themselves by comparing to others/media images a basic human motive * High Self Esteem = takes more risks, expect success, *accepted socially, ce nter of attention * pathetic = avoids risks, embarrassment, failures, or rejection Real & Ideal SelvesIdeal Self conception of how theyd want themselves to be Actual Self more realistic appraisal of qualities we do/dont have * Purchase products in line with our qualities and others to help us attain our ideal self Impression Management a process of managing how others think of us Multiple Selves Role Identities different roles, such as husband, father, boss, student, etc. Virtual identity Virtual Identity fictional depictions in a real-time, interactive virtual world (WOW) Computer-Mediated Environments (CME) virtual role-playing worlds typic interactionismSymbolic Interactionism relations with others play large part in forming the self * Who am I in this situation? And what do others think I am? * Pattern behavior on the perceived expectations, self-fulfilling prophecy * By playing the way we assume others expect us to act, we conform to those perceptions The looking rubbish self Looking-Glass Self imagining the reactions of others towards us * Reflexive evaluation occurs when someone attempts to posit the self bouncing signals off others and trying to project the impression they have of us Self-Consciousness High Self-Monitors are more likely to evaluate products in terms of public impressions Consumption and Self-Concept Products that Shape the Self You are What You Consume Symbolic Self-Completion Theory predicts that people with in cut self-definition tend to apprehend this identity by acquiring and endangering symbols associated with it (i. e. adolescent boys purchase macho products to complete their masculinity) * Prisons remove personal objects to reduce personal identity and create group identity * Burglary victims feel alienation, depression, or feeling violatedSelf/Product Congruence Self-Image Congruence Models predicts that products will be chosen if their attributes match some aspect of the self * Ideal self more relevant for highly expr essive social products like perfume * Actual self more relevant for everyday, functional products The Extended Self The Extended Self sustain or settings (external objects) considered to be a part of us i. e. my computer is an supplement of myself, it pretends me 4 levels of the extended self Individual Level Personal possessions, such as jewelry, cars, clothing * Family Level A consumers residence and furnishings. House = exemplaryal body of family * Community Level Neighbourhood or town of origin * Group Level Attachment to social groups, such as landmarks, monuments, sports teams sexual activity Roles Gender Differences in Socialization Agentic Goals stresses self-assertion and mastery pertains mostly to males communal Goals affiliation and fostering of harmonious kindreds females * Every hunting lodge creates a set of expectations of behaviour for men/women.Starts early with stories * Biological gender =/= sex typed traits, characteristics stereotypically associated with a gender * Masculinity and womanhood are NOT biological characteristics culturally determined Sex-Typed Products products that take on mascu/feminine attributes Androgyny mascu/femininity are not opposites (duality) can possess twain at the same time * like Korean doods * *guys typically influenced by overall theme of message, girls = specific pieces of info Chapter 6 Personality and Lifestyles Personality Personality persons unique psychological makeup + how it concordantly influences responses to environmentFreudian Systems Freudian Systems consists of 3 systems Id entirely oriented toward speedy gratification party animal * Pleasure Principle behaviour = desire to max pleasure and avoid pain Superego counterweight to id. The conscience, internalizes social norms and prevents id from seeking selfish gratification Ego system that mediates id and superego * Finds ways to satisfy id that is socially acceptable (reality principle) unconscious * Marketing Implication consumers ca nnot tell us motivation as it may be unconscious * Product represents socially unacceptable, true id goal.By purchasing, live vicariously by it attribute Theory Trait Theory identifiable characteristics that de amercement a person * consumption differences between idiocentrics (individualist) vs. allocentrics (collective) * Contentment idios are more satisfied with the way their life is * health Consciousness Allos avoid low food choices * Food Preparation Allos overleap more time preparing meals * Workacholics Idios more likely to say they work harder and continue later for work * Travel and Entertainment idios interested in other cultures, travelling, movies, libraries Problems with trait theory in consumer research Scales for measurement are not valid/reliable * Tests are developed for specific populations then take to general population ultimately how individual decisions add up to societys well-being * Consumer Confidence optimism/pessimism of economic future Social div ide * Standing in society * Pecking Order social hierarchy determines in ranking, the access to resources such as, education, housing, and consumer goods * People belonging in the same class make do roughly the same occupations, lead similar lifestyles by virtue of income, tend to socialize and share many ideas and values regarding lifestyle. Homogamy tendency to adopt someone of same social standing * Social Stratification process in which social system distributes scarce resources unequally amongst social classes in a relatively permanent manner * Reputation Economy funds people earn when they post comments online and others recommend their comments * Ascribed Status vs Achieved Status those who were natural with it vs. those who earned it Blurring Social Classes * increasingly harder to link brands/stores to specific class, i. e. feedable luxuries, university kids who dispose on clothing (Burberry, etc. ) but eat KD * Mass Class those with purchasing power that allows for high quality goods, except for big fine items such as cars, American colleges, luxury homes (Zara, H&M) Components of Social Class * Occupational Prestige worth derived from what they do for a living (i. e. clear vs blue collar) * Income * Social Class better predictor of purchases with typic aspects and low-moderate price * Income better predictor of major(ip) expenditures with no symbolic meaning (major appliances)How Social Class affects purchase decisions * Attitudes towards luxury (consumers) * Functional buys things that will last/ persistent value. Conducts extensive research & logical decision making * Reward typically younger than firstly group and older than 3rd group. A way of saying Ive made it * Indulgence smallest group. owning luxury items is to be lavish and indulgent to express individuality and make others take notice. ery emotional approach * doddery Money old money families distinguish themselves NOT ON WEALTH, but on history of public service, philanthrop y, and tangible markers (Ivey Business School) * Taste polishs differentiates in terms of aesthetic and intellectual preferences * its like saying upper/upper-middle likely to go to museums, middle like camping and fishing. Its like saying that youre less sophisticated * Codes ways consumers interpret and express meanings restricted codes focus on content of objects, not relationships amongst objects * elaborated more complex and depend on a more sophisticated worldview (p. 417) * Pierre Bourdieu concluded that taste is a status-marking force, or habitus * social capital organizational affiliations and networks (connections) * cultural capital set of distinctive and socially rare tastes and practices. basically the culture of the rich that allows them to stay within the upper echelon of society because they keep passing it downStatus Symbols * we purchase products not to enjoy them, but to let others know that we can afford them * isnt the same across all cultures. Bulky phones ar e more golden than slim sleek phones compared with the Western world. * invidious distinction to inspire enviousness in others through display of wealth/power (reason for consumption) * conspicuous consumption peoples desire to provide prominent, visible evidence of their ability to afford luxury goods * parody consumption to seek status by mocking it and avoiding status symbols. i. e. frayed edges of denim clothing, wins with irreverent labels Chapter 14 Age Subcultures Subculture group whose members share beliefs and normal experiences that set them apart from others Microculture a subset of subculture, which is based on lifestyle or aesthetic preference Age and Consumer Identity * era in which we grow up bonds us will millions of others from the same age * identity may become stronger when the beliefs/goals of one age group conflict with another * Age cohort group of consumers of same/approximate age who have gone through similar exp. Marketers often target products to specifi c age cohort b/c possessions play key role in identity with others of a certain age and express priorities/needs of each life stage * Multigenerational Marketing Strategy use imagery that appeals 1 generation Chapter 15 Canadian Identity and Ethnic Subcultures Ethnic Subculture self-perpetuating group of consumers who share common cultural/genetic ties recognized by both its members and others as a distinct category High-Context Culture group members tend to be tightly knit, infer meanings that go beyond spoken word. x. symbols, gestures carry much more weight than spoken word (Koreans respecting elders) disordered-Context culture more literal. like Caucasians as opposed to minorities De-ethnicitization occurs when detaches from roots (original ethnicity) and appeals to other subcultures Ethnicity as a moving target * becoming harder to target distinct ethnic groups greater immigration and interracial marriage and cultural blending * Ethnic Stereotypes you know what it is. Negative feed seat in recent use Level of Acculturation Acculturation process of movement and adaptation to a cultural environment from another * Movement factors that motivate people to uproot themselves physically from one to another place * Translation to master a set of rules for operating in a new environment ( mien, social meaning) * Adaptation process of forming new consumption patterns * assimilation adopting new products, habits, and values identified with mainsteam culture * keep retaining practices associated with culture of origin * resistance resent pressure to submerge their cultural identities and take on new roles * Raymond Ngs five phases of adjustment * Honeymoon immigrant marvels at wonders of new environment * Culture Shock reality of situation sets in * Superficial Adjustment immigrant forays into new culture/manages day2day life * Stress and depressive disorder immigrant disparages aspects of new life lack of high paying job opportunities, taxes, icy and wet weather. Intergenerational conflicts arise, often over career choices of kids * Integration immigrant moves through society with degree of ase comparable to that of native born * Progressive Learning Model assumes that people gradually learn new culture as they increasingly come in contact with it. Therefore, mix original culture with troops culture Chapter 16 Cultural Influences on Consumer Behaviour UNDERSTANDING stopping point * culture abstract ideas and material objects/services making up a societys personality determines the overall priorities s/he attaches to different activities and products mandates the success/failure of specific products/services a product that provides benefits consistent with those desired by members of a culture at a particular time has a much better chance of attaining acceptance in the food market * aspects of culture ecology the way in which a system is fit to its habitat this area is shaped by the technology used to obtain and distribute resources * social structure the way in which groovy social life is maintained accepts dominant domestic and political groups * ideology mental characteristics of a people and the way in which they relate to their environment and social groups revolves around the belief that members of a society possess a common worldview and share ethos (a set of moral principles and aesthetic principles) Culture is a concept to understand consumer behavior as societys personality. It includes gip ideas, Material objects and service. * Culture is the lens through which people view product. The relationship between consumer behavior and culture is two way street. Products relates to priorities of a culture being accepted more by consumer * Product, successfully produced by culture, provide a window onto the dominant cultural ideal of that period Culture system contains 3 functional areas 1. Ecology which a system adapted to its habitat. 2. Social structure the way which orderly social life is maintained . 3. ideology the mental characters of a people relate to their environment and social groups. Different dimensions on culture 1. Power distance how much power 2. uncertainly avoidance degree people feel threatened 3. Masculinity and femininity gender roles 4. Individualism individual vs groupNorms rules dictating what is right or wrong, acceptable or unacceptable * Enacted norms explicitly decided upon * Crescive norms imbedded in a culture and discovered through interaction with other members of that culture * Custom norm hand down from the past that controls basic behavior, such as division of fag out in a household, or practice of particular ceremonies * When to eat * much custom with strong moral overtone, often involves a taboo, or prohibit behavior, such as incest or cannibalism * What kind of food is permissible to eat * Convention norms regarding the conduct of everyday life, correct way to furnish house, wear clothes, host a d national party * how to eat th e food fable and ritualsMyth is a story containing symbolic elements that express the shared emotions and ideals of a culture * Often features some kind of conflict between two argue forces, outcome serves as a moral guide for people * Provides guidelines about their world Functions of myths * Metaphysical condone origin of existence * Cosmological try all components of the universe are part of a single interpret * Sociological maintain social order by authorizing a social code to be followed by members of a culture * Psychological provides models for personal conduct Monomyth common to many cultures Ritual is a set of multiple, symbolic behaviors that occur in a fixed sequence and tend to be repeated periodically Ritual Artifacts items used n the performance of rituals to consumers, ex. birthday candles, diamond rings Types of ritual * Grooming rituals purpose ranging from inspiring boldness before confronting the world to cleansing the body of dirt and other mislead materials * Gift giving rituals promotion of appropriate gifts for every conceivable holiday and occasion, three stages * 1. During gestation, giver is motivated by an event to procure a gift * 2. Presentation or process of gift exchange * 3. Reformulation, bonds between the giver and receiver are adjust to reflect the new relationship that emerges * Re-gifting is unwanted * Holiday rituals Rites of passage a special times label by a change in social status, three phases * withdrawal detaches from original group or status, ex. leave home for school * Liminality person literally in between status, ex. arrival on campus tries to figure out what is happing in O week * Aggregation when person re-enters society after the rite of passage is complete, ex. returns home for summer vacation as university old geezer Sacred and Profane Consumption Sacred Consumption involves objects and events that are set apart from normal activities and are treated with degree of respect cultism Pro fane Consumption Involves consumer objects are mundane, everyday things we do Domains of Sacred Consumption Scared places set apart by society because they have spectral or mystical significant, or because commemorate some aspect of a countrys heritage * Home can be devoted place, represents a crucial distinction between the harsh, external world and consumers inner space * People idolized and set apart from the commodees, ex. celebrities * Event world sports is sacred and almost assumes the status of religion, ex. Olympics * Souvenirs are big industry Desacralization occurs when a scared item or symbol is removed from its special place becoming profane as a result * Can be religion itself, the crosses are in mainstream modality, Christmas is more materialistic Sacralisation When events, people take on scared meaning to a culture or a group within a culture, ex. Stanley cup, or collections Chapter 17 The Creation and distribution of CultureCultural Selection how the cultu re in which we live creates the meanings for everyday products and how these meanings move through a society to consumers * Linking back to Chapter 1, people buy things for what they mean, not what they do * Though it seems like we have so many choices, our options only represent a small portion * Selection of certain alternatives is the culmination of a complex filtration process resembling a funnel * Cultural selection many possibilities initially compete for adoption slowly winnowed down to make their way along the path from conception to consumption * Our tastes and product preferences not form in a vacuum, * Choices are take awayn by images presented in mass media, observations of those around us, our desire to live in a fantasy world created by marketers * Constantly evolving and changing what is hot one year may be out the next * Characteristics of devise and popular culture include * Styles often rooted in and reflect deeper societal trends, ex. olitics and social condit ions * Styles usually originate as an interplay between deliberate inventions of designers and businesspeople and the spontaneous actions of ordinary people, help fuel fire by encouraging mass distribution (those anticipate what consumers want succeed) * Trends can travel widely, often between countries and continents * prestigious people in the media play a large role in deciding which trends succeed * Style begins as a risky or unique statement by a relatively small group of people dispense to others increase aware of the style feel self-confident about trying it * Most styles eventually wear out, as people continually search for new ways to express themselves and markers try to keep up * Cultural selection process never stops, when styles become obsolescent others wait to replace them in popular culture Culture intersection Systems set of individuals and organizations amenable for creating and marketing a cultural product * No single designer, company or ad agency is total ly responsible for creating popular culture, may different factors * Important factors include the number and alteration of competing systems and the among of innovation vs. conformity that is encouraged Components of a CPS has three major subsystems 1. Creative subsystem responsible for generating new symbols or products ex. singer 2.Managerial subsystem responsible for selecting, making tangible , mass producing, and managing the distribution of new symbols or products, ex. producer/ electrical distributor of CD 3. Communication subsystem responsible for giving meaning to new products and providing them with symbolic sets of attributes that are communicated to consumers, ex. advertising agencies hired to promote music Cultural Gatekeepers decide or testmakers influence the product that are eventually offered to consumers * Filter the discharge of information and material intended for consumers, ex. movie, restaurant, car reviewers * Collectively called throughput sector Changed from top-down to bottom up, companies listen to everyday consumers due to factors such as social networking * We now live in consumerspace where customers act as partners with companies to decide what the marketplace will offer * Xerox uses voice of the consumer data in its R&D feedback from end customers well before it put new product on the market * First make prototype, then gets feed back customer-led innovation High Culture and Popular Culture * Culture production systems create many diverse kinds of products, basic distinctions through characteristics * Art Product viewed primarily as an object of aesthetic contemplation without an functional value * Original, subtle, and valuable elite of society * Craft Product admired because of bang with which it performs some function, ex. ceramic ashtray * Permits rapid production High Art vs. Low Art (high and low culture) * We assume rich have culture and poor do not * Blended together in interesting ways, ex. fine art at Costco * We appreciate advertising as an art form The arts are big business, marketers often incorporate high art to promote products Cultural Formulae * Mass culture churns out products specifically for a mass market * Aiming to please average tastes of undifferentiated audience * foreseeable because they follow certain patterns * Usually a formula followed because roles and props occur consistently * This means that we recycle images * Creative subsystem members reach back through time and remix the past, ex. Gilligans Island Brandy Bunch Reality Engineering elements of popular culture are used and converted to promotional strategies * Many consumer environments have images/characters spawned by marketing campaigns or are retreads, ex.Real like Kwik-E-Mart * Hard to tell what is real new vintage (used jeans) * Cultivation hypothesis medias ability to distort consumers perception of reality * Media tend to exaggerate or distort the frequency of behaviours such as drinking and s moking Product Placement inserting real products in movies, ex. E. T and Reeses pieces Advergaming online games merge with interactive advertisements that let companies target specific type of customers Plinking embedding a product or service link in video (you-tube) The Diffusion of Innovations process whereby a new product, service, or idea spreads through a population * New products and styles constantly enter the market * Occur both consumer and industrial setting Form of clothing, new manufacturing technique or novel way to deliver a service * If innovation is successful it spreads through the population * First bought or used by few people more and more consumers decided until everyone has bought or tried innovation Adopting Innovations * Resembles decision-making sequence, moves stages of Awareness, information search, evaluation, trial, and adoption * Importance depends on how much is already known about product as a well as cultural factors that affect peoples willingne ss to try new things * Not al people adopt an innovation at the same rate (some never do) * Consumers can be placed into categories based on likelihood of adopting to innovation can be related to product-life-cycle) * 1/sixth of population very quick to adopt new products (innovators and early adopters), 1/6th are very slow ( scokes) * 2/3rds are somewhere in the middle majority represent mainstream public * interested in new things, but do not want them to be to a fault new, wait for technology to improve, or price to fall * Innovators brave souls, first to try new offering (maybe innovator on one thing, laggard in another) ex. fashion, vs. recording technology, highly educated, and high income levels, and socially active * betimes Adopters share similar characteristics, but difference is degree of uphold for social acceptance (20% of pop. ), use magazines to learn about new trendsTypes of Innovations can be categorized in terms of degree to which they demand change in behav ior from adopters, three categories * Continuous innovation modification of existing product, set one brand apart from competitors, most products this type, evolutionary * Small changes made to position, to add line extensions, or merely alleviate consumer boredom * dynamically continuous innovation more pronounced change in an existing product, ex. touch-tone telephones, creating some behavior change * Discontinuous innovation major change in the way we live, ex. airplane, car, TV Prerequisites for Successful word meaning several factors required for new product to succeed * Compatibility compatible with consumers lifestyle * Trialability more likely to adopt of they can experiment with it prior to commitment, reduce risk, ex. ree trial-size samples * Complexity should be low in complexity, easier to understand chosen over competitor * Observability innovation easily observable, more likely to spread, ex. visible fanny packs * Relative avail most important, should offer relative advantage over alternatives The invent System consist of all those people and organization involved in creating symbolic meaning and transferring those meanings to cultural goods * work affects all type of cultural phenomena, including music, art, architecture, and even science * Fashion as code/language for meanings * Terms * Fashion process of social diffusion by which a new style is adopted by some group(s) of consumers * A fashion(style) particular ombination of attributes * In fashion this combination is currently positively evaluated by some reference group Cultural Categories How we characterize the world reflects the meaning we impart to products * Culture makes distinctions between different times, leisure and work, and gender * Dominant aspects/themes of culture are reflected in design/marketing of items * Costumes of politicians, rock/movie stars * 1950s/60s space-age mastery * Fashion colours for each season * Creative subsystems attempt to anticipate the tastes of the buying public * Collective selection process in which certain symbolic alternatives are chosen over others, ex. New Wave, Danish Modern, The Western Look, Nouvelle CuisineBehavioural acquirement Perspectives on Fashion major approaches to fashion * Psychological Models of Fashion explain why people are motivated to be in fashion * Includes conformity, variety seeking, personal creativity, and sexual attention, ex. consumers seek need for uniqueness, want to be different, but not too different (conform to basic guidelines but improvise and make personal statements) * Also early theory of fashion geological fault erogenous zones accounted for fashion change, different zones become the object of interest because they reflect societal trends (pg. 536) * Economic models of Fashion terms of supply and demand * Items limited supply have high value, while readily available are less desired (rare items command respect and prestige) * Ex. wear expensive clothing to show prosperity Though in contrast parody display 0 which they deliberately adopt low-status or inexpensive products * Prestige-exclusivity effect high prices create high demand * Snob effect lower prices very reduce demand (if its cheap it isnt good) * Sociological Models of Fashion focuses on initial adoption of fashion by subculture and is diffusion into society as a whole * Ex. Goth culture into mainstream or hip hop * * Trickle-down theory important * States that there are two conflicting forces that drive fashion change 1. Subordinate groups try to adopt the status symbols of groups to a higher place them try to climb the later of social mobility (thus dominant styles originate with upper classes and trickle down) 2. Those superordinate groups are constantly looking below them on the ladder to ensure they are not imitated, they adopt newer fashions * Self-perpetuating cycle of change of fashion Harder in modern times because of new developments in mass culture * Advance in technology to make people like a shot aware of latest styles and trends * Each social group has own fashion innovator, trickle-across effect fashion diffused horizontally among members of same social group * Current fashions often originate with lower classes, trickle up- less concern with maintaining status quo, more free time to innovate, take risks A checkup Model of Fashion why do style diffuse through the population so quickly? * Meme theory explains the idea, meme idea/product that enters the consciousness of people over time includes tunes, catchphrases, or styles like Hush Puppies * Memes spread among consumers in a geometric progression, like a virus, starts off small and steadily infects increasing number of people until it becomes epidemic * Leap from brain to brain via processes of imitation To survive must be distinctive and unforgettable * Tipping point when process reaches the moment of critical mass Cycles of Fashion Adoption * Fashion cycle much similar to product life cycle, progresses through birth to death * Fashion acceptance cycle * Introduction stage a song is listened to by smaller number of music innovators * borrowing stage song enjoys increased social visibility and accepted by large segments of population, wide airplay on Top 40 Stations * relapsing stage item reaches a state of social saturation, becomes overused, sinks into decline and new songs take its place * Different classes of fashions can be identified by considering relative ength of the fashion acceptance cycle * Classic fashion with highly long acceptance cycle, low risk * Fad very temporary fashion, usually adopted by relatively few people, trickles across common subculture, rarely breaks out of specific group, ex. hula hoops, snap bracelets, and pet rocks, or streaking in mid -1970s * Non-utilitarian not performed any meaningful function * pick out on impulse * Diffused rapidly, gains quick acceptance, and is short-lived Fad or Trend * Guidelines fo r long-term trends * Fits with basic lifestyle changes * A real benefit should be evident * Can be personalized * Not a side effect or a carryover effect * Important market segments adopt change

Empowerment Paper Essay

In the wake of numerous recent tragedies including both those created by personality as swell as those ca reverseoutd by man, we have seen the number the homosexual service organizations grow beyond leaps and bounds. However how these agencies interact with their nodes female genitalia piddle away a valuable role when these clients seminal fluid in to receive services. In trying to meet the ask of all told those in the wake of such(prenominal) tragedies, it is often hard to understand how some integrity stooge also empower separates within the manner that is whirl services. In the light of helping everyone, numerous agencies argon now implementing services now geared or center on or roughly the needs of their client. However, this is one thing that leaves many valet service managers vitrined with a pressing question How butt joint a human service program or fashion come together and in doing so in a manner that spate provide an adequate meaning for this kind of work? It is often because in todays standards we see so many agencies working with multimillion-dollar budgets, captain lags, and expensive facilities that one may decide it hard to believe that the be philosophy is one that any result crapper live on.However, it is the billet that utilizes an empowerment-focused attitude and the theories that support them that has been an area of centralized research for many organizations for several(prenominal) years. It is the utilization of an empowerment approach within the chest of drawers that ensures that if the client can receive services or aid, it go out given or through with(p) so in a manner that is both respectful as well without bias. At any agency, it should be understood that no emergence what we want empowerment to be used non only to ascent up the client but also to help to pass on the clients to do better all(prenominal) and every day. It is by using approaches aimed to promote positively charged energy and st rength- ground approaches along with clients strengths can be the nates to build on, as this can help strengthen his or her weaknesses. agree to Hardina et al. (2007), social servicemanagement is characterized by 12 fundamental principles in relation to the empowering approach. For the population or consumers addressed in our dream agency, it is these principles that are of the close importance for them to have a feeling that they belong and that their needs are just as important.For these individuals have already in most cases given up as their cycle of poverty have been occurring contemporaries after generation. For many years many organizations were often quick to use a problem-based approach to helping their clients, and for a long time this was recognized and part of the norm. However, in the past few decades the focus now revolves around that of strength and empowerment (Cowger, 1994). From a social service management designate of view, it is this focus that has been to strong an issue to ignore. It is the client, who even with being overwhelmed with another(prenominal) carriage challenges, when given the opportunity, can play a major role in the organisational decision qualification process.For they can bring a diverse view point to the forefront, as most are situations many submit with on a daily basis. It is a cognize fact that in the social work or the social services arena, decision reservation is an important task on every level. Understanding that critically, decision regarding the coatings of the agency and its interaction within the community as well as how the agency is maintained can and usually made on an administrative level. However, when it relates to the overall continued existence as well as the agencys effectiveness in addressing the needs and wellness of the client, these are just as important but may be made by other staff within the organization.Providing an answer to or even better purpose a means to help in solving their clients problem is the sole responsibility of service workers and administration alike, but making sure those servicing the client know and understand this as well. It is known that because each client is different so will the challenges one will face in offering them services, so making sure that the staff is properly trained in the area of whatever expertise need. Having the companionship as well as the skills is a vision that I can see for the agency that I have in mind. Having an agency in which everyone is treated as an equal and work together in providing rise not on to the client but for each fellow co-worker within the agency. Understanding that in the midst of a tragic beset no one situation is more important thanany one elses, as everyone may have lost some near and adept to them. It is in offering support for those individuals whose situations may have occurred or was created by themselves or those in which they may have been a victim. Everyone would like nou ght better than to stop the cycle of emotions that often result after a tragedy.Giving clients access to learning about or locating needed resources to find and obtain the services they are in need of can help them begin to heal one principle stated the empowerment-oriented organizations accommodate the limitations of participatory management approaches and take proactive measures to balance inclusion. For agencies whose consumers are displace from populations that are marginalized and disempowered these principles are very important. It is also very imperative that to score that in order to meet the urgent needs of people who face multiple sources of oppression and multiple traumas, and again stress that in offering help it is done so in a manner that is in line with respect and dignity. It is my dream agency whose overall commitment is tonus service aimed at meeting the needs of the client as well as one in which the staff is well trained in diversity as it relates to the diff erent cultures served. No one will be discriminated against and based on the age, race, national origin, sexual orientation, mental status, or semipolitical beliefs.In addressing client diversity, having staff and information available in other languages would be a plus. Also, having a manager that believes whole heartedly the foreign mission education of the organization. They display even in times of adversity a lead quality that is in line with what the dream agency is promoting. It is the ability to work others to follow in approaching the problem head on and in doing so the group can work together to share the association needed to address the problems at hand. Even with one looked upon as a leader any decision made is only one that is looked at as one that they as leader has suggested. Clarifying the role that each will play in helping the client and having a general goal in putting team decisions in priority. It is also in trusting each other that each respects the oth er as diversity happens not only with the clients served but the tam we may work with, as it is diversity that helps the agency focus and understand the differences of those clients.Find a balance in the team, we emphasize the use of regular in-service meetings as a means to evaluate the effectiveness of open communication. Understanding that together as a teamand with a group effort, the decisions made can be one that when observed together, everyone can gain some satisfaction in knowing that they worked together to get the job donehelping the client In offering the best client care we would need to find and utilize different strategies and implement these strategies inn getting positive feed grit from all those involved in the care of the client. These strategies include but are not limited to the following Adhere to the mission statement and the vision that the agency was created upon. Understand that leadership is agency wide, everyone should be committed to the organizational m ission statement. Include everyone that is going to be effected by the decisions made amid the agency and the client from the beginning process until they client gain back their independence.Respect is agency wide, a supportive network can encourage overall job satisfaction with a better quality sidetrack from the employees to pass on to the client. Offer a systematic approach of broad and receiving feedback to monitor if there may be a need for preventative or strategy changes. Technology that offers both the patient and their family a means of gaining much needed information as well as the filling to communicate with those involved in their case.It is stated in the text that organizational theory is used to explain, and sometimes guide, the way organization work and whether consciously or not but only when they apply them consciously and based on their own theoretical beliefs will they be more effective. In seeking to put some organization to their program it is understood th ey ease do have other choices. It is this knowledge that the purpose of any agency would be empowerment, but in order for the agency to reach their goal in helping others, the manager must realize their own empowerment. wherefore and only then can we empower the client to realize their potentiality so they can return and again become productive in their communities.ReferencesCowger, C. D. (1994). Assessing client strengths clinical assessment for client empowerment.Social Work. 39(3) 262- 268.Lewis, J. A., Lewis, M. D., & Packard, T. R. (2012). Management of human service programs (5th ed.). Belmont, CA Brooks/Cole.