Philosophy 101 Study Guide

* Socrates Philosopher who opined in an absolute right or wrong asked students pointed questions to discover them use their reason, later became Socratic Method. Charged with introducing strange gods and corrupting the young, he committed suicide. * Rhetoric Saying things in a convincing effect * Skepticism The idea that secret code crapper ever be go to bed for certain. * Sophists A wise and in licked soulfulness, critical of traditional mythology, rejected inconstant philosophic speculations.A division of a school of ancient Hellenic sea captain philosophers who were expert in and taught the skills of rhetoric, argument, and debate, merely were criticized for specious reasoning. * Socratic Irony sham Ignorance, or pret give the axe to be dumber than re everyy argon to expose the weaknesses of peoples legal opinion * wiz thing and I hunch over, and that is that I know nonhing * He knows what good is will do good * Plato (428-347 B. C. Athens, Greece) Student of Socrates. raw(a)ized The Academy. Wrote Dialogues. He was a Dualist. * twain cave ins to a hu firearm ashes Soul Plato regarded the body and soul as separate entities * A person may crave or have an appetite for something, yet impel the craving with willpower. A correctly operating soul requires the highest carve up, reason, to control the last(a) character reference, appetite, with assistance from the will. * Plato believed that though the body dies and disintegrates, the soul continues to represent forever. After the termination of the body, the soul migrates to what Plato c tout ensembleed the realm of the pure forms. There, it d hygienics without a body, contemplating the forms.After a clock, the soul is reincarnated in another body and returns to the homokind. But the reincarnated soul retains a dim commemoration of the realm of forms and yearns for it * Theory of ideas/forms the pragmatism behind the textile creation, which contains the immortal and abid ing patterns behind the mingled phenomena, we develop across in nature. * Plato believed that everything tangible in nature flows. There argon no substances that do not dissolve, and so everything is made of a timeless mold or form that is eternal and immutable. * Eternal Lasting or existing orever without end or beginning. * abiding Unable to be changed * Form (Ideas) A form is an abstract space or quality. Take any holding of an objective lens separate it from that object and consider it by itself, and you be contemplating a form. For example, if you separate the roundness of a basketb altogether from its color, its weight, etc. and consider just roundness by itself, you are thinking of the from of roundness. * The forms are transcendent. This means that they do not exist in space and time. A material object, a basketball, exists at a accompaniment place at a particular time.A form, roundness, does not exist at any place or time. * Pure the forms al i exemplify sensa tion property. Material objects are impure they combine a number of properties much(prenominal) as blackness, circularity, and hardness into one object. * Arche typecasts The forms are archetypes that is, they are perfect examples of the property that they exemplify. The forms are the perfect models upon which all material objects are based. The form of redness, for example, is red, and all red objects are simply imperfect * Ultimately Real The forms are the ultimately real entities, not material objects.All material objects are copies or images of some collection of forms their reality dos unless from the forms. * Causes The forms are the works of all things. * They post the explanation of why any thing is the way it is * They are the reference or origin of the being of all things * Systematically Interconnected The forms correspond a system leading down from the form of the Good pitiful from much general to to a greater extent particular, from more objective to more su bjective.This imperious structure is reflected in the structure of the dialectic process by which we come to companionship of the forms. * nation of Forms ( being of Ideas) The gentlemans gentleman that we perceive through the mind, using our concepts, seems to be permanent and unchanging. Humans have access to the realm of forms through the mind, through reason, given Platos theory of the subdivisions of the human soul. This gives them access to an unchanging serviceman, invulnerable to the ail and changes of the material world.By detaching ourselves from the material world and our bodies and developing our ability to concern ourselves with the forms, we get under ones skin a value which is not open to change or disintegration. * Realm of the Illusory (World of the Senses) The world we perceive through the senses seems to be unceasingly changing. It seems that all the objects we perceive with the senses are simply images or experiences in our mind. They are only subjective points of considers on the real objects. For example, the world appears radically differently to a color blind person than it does to us.The objects that we perceive as colored, then, must not be the real objects, but just our experience of these objects that is determined by my particular subjective point of view and perceptual apparatus. * True association * He believed that as outgrowth of the constant change within the material world we could never really have true knowledge. * Eros Hellenic god of love son of Aphrodite a great deal shown blindfolded * Rationalism the effect that human reason is the primary source of our knowledge of the world * leash parts of the Soul Reason (Intellect) * In the Head * Provide comprehension * Where our individual/ unique talents lie * If reason functions excellently (arete) then we are wise to that extent * If we exercise wisdom to the extent then that part of the soul is excellent * Responsible for love of learning, spirited, & anima ted * Passion Appetite/ bank * From Greek word Pathe mean the irrational battlefronts of the soul * In gut * Provides frugality If passion functions excellently then we are temperate * If we exercise frugality to the extent then that part of the soul is excellent * Responsible for Desire * Thymos * Means Spirit/Will * In Heart * Provides Courage * foot help reason master passion * If we exercise courage to the extent then that part of the soul is excellent * Responsible for anger * Views on Women Plato believed that women had a right, or you might even call it a use to play in party. Their role was to be a significant part of society, different from men, but still play a part.Plato believed that women were necessary for society to run smoothly. * Women were not equals of men * Women lacked strength * Women are naturally maternalistic * In Platos time it was unheard of to view women as more than a piece of property. * Dualist a sharp division between the reality of thought an d extended reality. * Aristotle (384-322 B. C Macedonia, Athens) Pupil of Platos. Believed Platos world of ideas did not exist but that the eternal idea was really a concept- the idea of a horse that we have after seeing many of them. Learn know through the senses. 20 questions. Causes * What type of material it is made of? * Wood * What type of thing it is? * Table * What caused it to come into being? * How it was built the task mandatory to be done to create the table * Purpose or last(a) Cause (Telos) The purpose, end, aim, or goal of something. The final cause is the cause why a thing exists. * Meant to be a d privileged table or desk * Views on Women Viewed them as unfinished men. * Golden Mean ace cannot be similarly much of one thing or too less, take up to be balanced * Empiricism Derive all knowledge from what the senses tell us.There are no innate ideas and cannot prove the humans of God, eternity or substance * Hellenism The period of time and the Greek-dominated g loss that prevailed in the triple Hellenic Kingdoms of Macedonia, Syria, and Egypt. The diffusion of Greek Culture passim the Mediterranean world after the conquest of horse parsley the Great. * The Cynics True happiness doesnt come from international advantages, like power/good health. Once you have true happiness, it cant be lost. Their own/others health shouldnt disturb them. * The Stoics * Stoicism was founded by a man named Zeno, who lived from 335-263 BC. He used to lecture not in a schoolroom but outside, on the porch of a public building * The word for porch in Greek is STOA, and so people called his students Stoics * People should try to r from each one midland peacefulness * Moderate in everything * Be happy with what they had. This would lead to a happy life * The best indication of an individuals philosophy was not what a person say but how he behaved * Destructive emotions resulted from errors in ideal * Sage person of moral and intellectual perfection * Would n ot contract from such emotions The Epicureans They believed pleasure is the greatest good, but to have pleasure was to live modestly, gain knowledge of the workings of the world, and limit to ones desires. * Neo-Platonism Belief of two poles on Earth, one end is the dive light called the One (God). Other end is absolute darkness, no existence, the absence of light. * Syncretism The combining of different beliefs, often period melding practices of various schools of thought. * Mysticism One with God, merging with him. I am God. or I am You. * Two Cultures The Indo-Europeans Related languages of Europe, India, and Iran, which are believed to have descended from a common tongue spoken roughly in the third millenary B. C. by an agricultural peoples originating in SE Europe * The Semites A member of any of the peoples who speak or spoke a Semitic language, including in particular the Jews and Arabs- mostly Middle Easterners, they saw history as an on going line, world will end on ju dgment solar day * The Middle Ages Period of European history from the 5th century to the fifteenth century * St. Augustine Latin-speaking philosopher and theologian who lived in the Roman Africa Province. Influence of the Arabs The Arabic-Latin translation movements in the Middle Ages, which paralleled that from Greek into Latin, led to the transformation of almost all philosophical disciplines in the medieval Latin world. * St. Thomas Aquinas Tried to twoer Aristotles philosophy compatible with Christianity. Believed Christendom and philosophy were the equal thing. Used discussion as a source of reason. Created a synthesis between combine and knowledge. Said at that place are natural theological truenessstruths that can be reached through both Christian faith and innate reason.Tried to prove gods existence of Aristotles philosophy. Everything has a formal cause. God has revealed himself to mankind through both reason and the bible. * The Renaissance period of European histo ry at the tightfitting of the Middle Ages and the rise of the modern world a cultural reincarnation from the 14th through the middle of the 17th centuries * Reformation religious movement of 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches * Three Major Discoveries The compass, Firearms, and printing press. The Baroque Historic period from about 1600 until 1750 when the baroque style of art, architecture, and medication flourished in Europe * Carpe Diem Seize the day. * Memento Mori Remember your mortality- meaning Remember, you will die. * Idealism the philosophical theory that ideas are the only reality. * physicalism the belief of material things (atoms and the void). All real things derive from concrete substances. Determinism Laplace (french mathematician) said that everything that happens is predetermined- contradicting the belief of free will and suggests that the outcome of everything is write in the stars * Descartes cut philosopher and mathematician veritable dualistic theory of mind and matter. Father of modern Philosophy. * His primary(prenominal) concern was what we can know certain knowledge * Je pense donc je suis I think, indeed I am * Cogito ergo sum I think, therefore I am said by Rene Descartes. * Two Forms of Reality Thought & Extention agnostical Unsure/Undecided/Needs more information. Unable to say categorically whether or not the gods/God exists brought about by Sophist Protagoras * agnostic Does not believe in God. * de Spinoza Baruch Spinoza-Jewish-Dutch rationalist (one of the great rationalists in 17th century) opposed Descartes mind-body dualism he laid groundwork for Enlightenment. Also wrote the concur of Ethics * Historico-Critical Interpretation of the Bible Spinoza applied the scientific rule to the reading of Scripture, and this became what is now known as the historical-critical method. His view was that religious appointment in Europ e was a result of differing interpretation on disclose biblical passages. He developed this method of reading Scripture in order to bring about universal agreement on its meaning. * pantheistic God is infinite, he is present in everything. * Universal Law of disposition the laws and rules of nature, according to which all things happen, and change from one form to another, are always and everywhere the same.So the way of understanding the nature of anything, of whatever kind, must likewise be the same, * One Substance The claim that there is one and only one substance. This substance he identifies as God. * Substance Does not need the conception of any other thing in order to be conceived * substance is its own cause * that it is infinite * that it is the only substance for if there were two substances, they would limit each other and cease to be self-supporting * Monist reduces nature and the condition of all things to one single substance. Inner-Cause Humans come to understand that their struggle follows by necessity from the struggle of Nature, and that it has an inner inter-group communication with other parts of the environment through a common inner cause, Nature. * Determinist Laplace (french mathematician) said that everything that happens is predetermined- contradicting the belief of free will and suggests that the outcome of everything is written in the stars * Free Will Doctrine that conduct of the individual is the result of personal choice. not divine forces of fate) * Locke English empiricist philosopher who believed that all knowledge is derived from sensational experience. * Empiricism Derive all knowledge from what the senses tell us- came from Aristotle. There are no innate ideas and cannot prove the existence of God, eternity or substance) * Two questions about ideas? * Where do we get all of these ideas which are the content of our knowedge? * Whether things in the world fit our ideas, and not whether our ideas correspond to the natur e of things in the world * Tabula Rasa Clean slate. Primary Qualities Extension, weight, senses reproduce them objectively. * Secondary Qualities Color, smell reproduce the things that are inherent in the things themselves. * Natural Rights Lockes political philosophy is his theory of natural rights privileges or claims to which an individual was entitled * Hume (1711-1776 English) Scottish philosopher whose sceptical philosophy qualified human knowledge to that which can be perceived by the senses. He was an Empiricist. * Two types of Perception * Impression how we experience the world Ideas what we recall of our impressions * doctrine v. Knowledge Knowledge is divided into three Categories * Knowledge * Belief * creed (this is of lower grade than belief and knowledge) * Laws of Nature or Cause & do Emphasized that the expectation of one thing following another does not lie in the things themselves, but in our mind. Sophist Teaching equalityd to Socrates Teachings Sophists crave d money in return for teaching young men various things about political and social life, such as rhetoric. ? Socrates was a philosopher, whom fagged his days wandering around the gym and the agora, spilling to people. He developed a following of young Greeks, such as Plato and Xenephon. Socrates did not prime for his teachings. He also made a habit of proving just how lilliputian Sophists actually knew. Many people did believe Socrates was a Sophist and this is a reasonable claim, because Sophist were know to be knowledgeable people that taught the same skills Socrates was.Although Socrates would not consider himself a Sophist and would be known to talk down about them about how olive-sized they actually knew. Platos novel of the Cave A few people were sitting underground in a cave, facing the wall. They cannot turn around, and all they have ever seen are shadows of objects spueed onto the wall. One manages to turn around, and he sees the actual items that he has only ever se en shadows of. It is completely dazzling. Plato is trying to demonstrate the relationship of the material world and the world of ideas.Compared to the world of ideas, the material world is dreary. When Aristotle disagreed with Platos Theory of Forms What did Aristotle aver up as an alternative explanation for Reality? Aristotle argued that the theory of forms is staidly flawed it is not supported by good arguments it requires a form for each thing and it is too mathematical. Worst of all, on Aristotles view, the theory of forms cannot adequately explain the occurrence of change. By identifying the thing with its essence, the theory cannot account for the multiplication of new substances.Aristotle was the number 1 philosopher to formalize the subject of Metaphysics. As Aristotle explains, Metaphysics is the study of the One Substance (and its Properties) which exists and causes / connects all things, and is therefore the necessary foundation for all human knowledge. Aristotle was correct to realize that One Substance must have Properties that cause matters interconnected activity and motion. Hellenistic Period in Mediterranean World (300 BCE 0 400 BCE) Common themes that pervaded multiple cultures at this time? The time between the death of King Alexander the Great and the emergence of antiquated Greece * the term Hellenistic to define the period when Greek culture interruption in the non-Greek world after Alexanders conquest * The Greek language being established as the official language of the Hellenistic world * The art and literature of the era were transformed accordingly to more Greek styles * The Greek were the majority over the Mediterranean world, but they often outnumbered by natives in the land sometime there would be little interaction in some places between the Greek and the natives * The development of the Alexander Romance (mainly in Egypt) owes much to Greek theater as well as other styles of story. * The spread of Greek culture throughout the attached East and Asia owed much to the development of cities. * The identification of local gods with similar Greek deities facilitated the building of Greek-style temples, and the Greek culture in the cities also meant that buildings. How is Christianity a mix between the Indo-European & Semitic World views? The Greeks and Romans are a part of Indo-European culture, while the Jews belong to Semitic culture. He describes how Indo-European culture was characterized by a belief in many godspantheism.Similar ideas popped up in many different Indo-European languages, and were expressed by words that resembled each other greatly. The Semites, on the other hand, are characterized by monotheism, the belief in one god. Judaism, Islam, and Christianity are all Semitic religions. But Christianity complicates things, because it spread throughout Indo-European cultures and incorporated many features of those cultures. Semitic religions believe in one like Christianity, but also Indo-Eur opean culture believes in a messiah just like Jesus in the Christianity religion so technically both cultures played a part in formative Christianity. What is Descartes freshman movement of what is referred to as modern philosophy?What was his main project & what type of conclusions did he arrive at? Descartes is often regarded as the first thinker to emphasize the use of reason to develop the Natural Sciences. It can be said his main goal was to find out truth to Gods existence then human existence, as these were the main two subjects. Descartes was the first philosopher in a long time to attempt to bring all knowledge into a coherent philosophy. His concerns were with certain knowledgethat which we can know for sureand the mind/body relationship. Because philosophers believed in a mechanistic view of nature, it was critical to figure out how the minds thoughts became translated into actions of the body.Descartes doubted everything that was not certain and then recognize that th e very fact of his doubting meant he must be thinking. From there, he decided that the existence of God is also certain, and went on to define the world in terms of thought and matter, which he called extension. The mind and body interact, but the goal is to get the mind to operate solely according to reason. What did Spinoza propose as a way for understanding the world? How does this compare to Descartes conclusions? How are they similar? How are they different? He rejected Descartess dualism and believed that thought and extensions are simply two of Gods features that we can perceive. He had a settled view of the world, believing that God controlled all through natural laws.Spinoza snarl that only God was truly free but that people could attain happiness through seeing things from the perspective of eternity. They are similar, because they both believe in God, but they are very different from Descartes relying mostly on reason, and Spinoza thinking that God controls everything through Natural Laws. Humes ideas on morals & the source of morality David Hume, an 18th century philosopher, stated that morality is based on sentiments rather than reason. He concluded this after he developed his theory of knowledge which stated that everything we could know was observable by the senses he was a naturalistic philosopher. He then looked at situations in which he thought that there was an obvious wrong and he