Chapter 2 Outline and Key Terms

Chapter 2 First Farmers The vicissitudes of flori nuance, 10,000 b. c. e. 3000 b. c. e. Chapter Overview CHAPTER LEARNING OBJECTIVES TO MAKE STUDENTS AWARE THAT AGRICULTURE EVOLVED INDEPENDENTLY IN SEVERAL REGIONS OF THE WORLD To trace the increase of gardening and its local variations To pack the social implications of the uncouth transmutation Chapter Outline I. OPENING VIGNETTE A. In the past two centuries, on that point has been a dramatic decline in the list of farmers humanswide. 1. United States an extreme case single around 5 percent of the Statesns, many of them over 65 eld old, were still on farms in 2000 2. reat increase in the productivity of in advance(p) solid ground B. The modern retreat from the farm is a reversal of merciful beingitys depression turn to agriculture. II. The Agricultural Revolution in World History A. agriculture is the second great human process aft(prenominal) settlement of the globe. 1. started just about 12,000 eld ago 2. oft en cal direct the Neolithic (New Stone Age) or Agricultural Revolution 3. bowl over cultivation of plants and jejuneness of animals 4. transformed human livelihood across the planet B. Agriculture is the basis for al nearly all human developments since. C.Agriculture brought about a spick-and-span relationship between humans and different financial backing things. 1. actively changing what they found in nature earlier than just using it 2. shaping the landscape 3. selectively breeding animals D. domestication of nature created refreshful mutual dependency. 1. many domestic plants and animals came to rely on humans 2. humans lost assemblage and hunting skills E. There was an intensification of living getting more(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) than regimen and resources from much less land. 1. more food led to more mass 2. more people led to greater need for intensive exploitation III. Comparing Agricultural BeginningsA. The Agricultural Revolution happened i ndependently in some(prenominal)(prenominal) world regions. 1. Fertile Crescent of sou-west Asia 2. some(prenominal) argonas in sub-Saharan Africa 3. China 4. New Guinea 5. Mesoamerica 6. the Andes 7. east North America 8. all happened at about the same time, 12,0004000 years ago 9. scholars have struggled with the question of why agriculture developed so late in human history B. Common Patterns 1. Agricultural Revolution coincided with the end of the last Ice Age a. global warming cycle per second started around 16,000 years ago b. Ice Age was over by about 11,000 years ago . end of Ice Age coincided with human migration across earth d. extinction of some elephantine mammals climate permute and hunting e. warmer, wetter weather allowed more excited plants to flourish 2. gathering and hunting peoples had already wise to(p) some ways to manage the innate(p) world a. broad spectrum diet b. development of sickles, baskets, and other(a) tools to make utilize of wild grain in the Middle easternmost c. Amazon peoples had learned to cut back some plants to encourage growth of the ones they wanted d. Australians had solve eel traps 3. omen were probably the agrarian innovators 4. gathering and hunting peoples started to establish more eternal villages a. especially in resource-rich areas b. population growth perhaps led to a food crisis 5. agriculture developed in a number of regions, but with variation a. depend on the plants and animals that were available b. only a fewer hundred plant species have been domestic c. only fourteen large mammal species were domesticated C. Variations 1. the Fertile Crescent was the first to have a full Agricultural Revolution a. resence of large variety of plants and animals to be domesticated b. transition to agriculture triggered by a cold and dry indite between 11,000 and 9500 b. c. e. c. transition apparently only took about 500 years d. much more societal sophistication (mud bricks, monuments and shrines, more el aborate burials, more sophisticated tools) 2. at about the same time, domestication started in the easterly Sahara (present-day Sudan) a. the region was much more hospitable 10,0005,000 years ago b. domestication of cattle there about 1,000 years before Middle East and India c. n Africa, animals were domesticated first elsewhere, plants were domesticated first d. emergence of several widely scattered ground practices e. African agriculture was less fruitful than agriculture in the Fertile Crescent 3. separate development of agriculture at several places in the Americas a. absence of animals available for domestication b. only cereal grain available was maize or corn c. solving replacement of gathering and hunting with agriculture took 3,500 years in Mesoamerica d. Americas are oriented orth/south, so agricultural practices had to adapt to distinct climate zones to rotate IV. The Globalization of Agriculture A. Agriculture turn out in two ways 1. diffusion gradual spread of tech niques and perhaps plants and animals, but without much gallery of human population 2. colonization or migration of agricultural peoples 3. often both processes were involved B. Triumph and Resistance 1. phrase and culture spread with agriculture a. Indo- europiuman languages probably started in Turkey, are spoken today from Europe to India b. similar process with Chinese farming . spread of Bantu language in southern Africa d. similar spread of Austronesian-speaking peoples to Philippines and Indonesian islands, then to peaceable islands 2. the globalization of agriculture took about 10,000 years a. did non spread beyond its core region in New Guinea b. did not spread in a number of other regions c. was resisted where the land was unsuitable for farming or where there was great natural abundance 3. by the ascendant of the Common Era, gathering and hunting peoples were a small minority of domain C. The Culture of Agriculture 1. griculture led to much greater populations 2. chan ges in world population a. 10,000 years ago around 6 zillion people b. 5,000 years ago around 50 million people c. root word of Common Era around 250 million people 3. farming did not necessarily improve life for ordinary people a. meant much more hard work b. health deteriorated in early agricultural societies c. new diseases from interaction with animals d. the first epidemics appeared due to larger communities e. new vulnerability to famine, because of dependence on a small number of plants or animals 4. ew constraints on human communities a. all agricultural people settled in permanent villages b. the case of Banpo in China (settled ca. 7,000 years ago) 5. explosion of technological entry a. pots b. textiles c. metallurgy 6. secondary products revolution started ca. 4000 b. c. e. a new set of technological changes a. new uses for domesticated animals, including milking, riding, hitching to plows and carts b. only available in the Eastern Hemisphere 7. deliberate alteration o f the natural ecosystem a. removal of ground cover, irrigation, grazing b. vidence of soil erosion and deforestation in the Middle East within 1,000 years subsequently beginning of agriculture V. Social Variation in the Age of Agriculture A. Pastoral Societies 1. some regions relied much more heavily on animals, because farming was difficult or impossible there 2. eclogue nomads emerged in primal Asia, the Arabian Peninsula, the Sahara desert, parts of eastern and southern Africa 3. relied on different animals in different regions a. horses were domesticated by 4000 b. c. e. encouraged the spread of pastoral peoples on Central Asian steppes b. omesticated camels allowed human life in the inner Asian, Arabian, and Saharan deserts 4. no pastoral societies emerged in the Americas B. Agricultural Village Societies 1. most characteristic form of early agricultural societies, like Banpo or Jericho 2. support of equality and freedom (no kings, chiefs, bureaucrats, aristocrats) 3. Cat alhuyuk, in southern Turkey a. population several thousand b. dead buried under their houses c. no streets people move around on rooftops d. many specialized crafts, but little subscribe to of inherited social inequality e. o indication of male or female dominance 4. village-based agricultural societies were usually organized by kinship, group, or lineage a. performed the functions of government b. the Tiv of central Nigeria organized nearly a million people this way in the late nineteenth century 5. sometimes modest social/economic inequality developed a. elders could win privileges b. checker of female reproductive powers C. Chiefdoms 1. chiefs, unlike kings, usually rely on generosity, ritual status, or charisma to govern, not force 2. hiefdoms emerged in Mesopotamia sometime after 6000 b. c. e. 3. anthropologists have studied recent chiefdoms in the Pacific islands 4. chiefdoms such as Cahokia emerged in North America 5. distinction between elite and communal was first est ablished VI. Reflections The Legacies of Agriculture A. Agriculture is a recent development in world history. 1. was an adaptation to the unique conditions of the latest interglacial period 2. has radically transformed human life and life on the planet more generally B.One species, Homo sapiens, was given growing power over other animals and plants. C. Agriculture also gave some people the power to dominate others. diagnose Terms AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION ALSO KNOWN AS THE neolithic REVOLUTION, THIS IS THE TRANSFORMATION OF HUMAN (AND WORLD) EXISTENCE CAUSED BY THE DELIBERATE CULTIVATION OF finical PLANTS AND THE DELIBERATE TAMING AND BREEDING OF PARTICULAR ANIMALS. Austronesian An Asian-language family whose speakers step by step became the dominant culture of the Philippines, Indonesia, and the Pacific islands, thanks to their mastery of agriculture.Banpo A Chinese archeological site, where the dust of a significant Neolithic village have been found. (pron. bahn-poe) Bantu An Afr ican-language family whose speakers gradually became the dominant culture of eastern and southern Africa, thanks to their agricultural techniques and, later, their ironworking skills. (pron. BAHN-too) Bantu migration The spread of Bantu-speaking peoples from their homeland in what is now southern Nigeria or Cameroon to most of Africa, in a process that started ca. 3000 b. c. e. nd continued for several millennia. broad spectrum diet Archeologists term for the diet of gathering and hunting societies, which include a wide array of plants and animals. Cahokia An important agricultural chiefdom of North America that flourished around 1100 C. E. (pron. cah-HOKE-ee-ah) Catalhuyuk An important Neolithic site in what is now Turkey. (pron. cha-TAHL-hoo-YOOK) chiefdom A societal grouping governed by a chief who typically relies on generosity, ritual status, or charisma instead than force to win bowing from the people. iffusion The gradual spread of agricultural techniques without extensive population movement. domestication The taming and changing of nature for the benefit of humankind. end of the last Ice Age A process of global warming that began around 16,000 years ago and ended about 5,000 years later, with the earth enjoying a climate similar to that of our confess time the end of the Ice Age changed conditions for human beings, leading to change magnitude population and helping to pave the way for agriculture.Fertile Crescent Region sometimes known as Southwest Asia that includes the modern states of Iraq, Syria, Israel/Palestine, and southern Turkey the soonest home of agriculture. horticulture Hoe-based agriculture, typical of early agrarian societies. intensification The process of getting more in return for less for example, growing more food on a smaller plot of land. Jericho Site of an important early agricultural settlement of perhaps 2,000 people in present-day Israel.Mesopotamia The valley of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers in present-day Iraq. nativ e Australians Often called Aboriginals (from the Latin ab origine, the people who had been there from the beginning), the natives of Australia continued (and to some extent still continue) to live by gathering and hunting, despite the transition to agriculture in nearby lands. pastoral society A human society that relies on domesticated animals rather than plants as the main source of food pastoral nomads lead their animals to seasonal grazing grounds rather han settling permanently in a single location. secondary products revolution A term used to discern the series of technological changes that began ca. 4000 b. c. e. , as people began to develop new uses for their domesticated animals, exploiting a revolutionary new source of power. stateless societies Village-based agricultural societies, usually organized by kinship groups, that functioned without a formal government apparatus. teosinte The wild ancestor of maize. (pron. tay-oh- SIN-tay)