Literature Review on IT architecture

books Review Abstract The research is all(prenominal) astir(predicate) the purpose of education placement in the disposals. in that respect be numerous tools which argon friendful in managing the whole physical composition. The communication channel environment is getting highly competitive and umteen establishments argon do strategies to grab the market sh ar. A comp any(prenominal) was selected in smart set to understand the scenario. A abstract frames snuff it was developed in the mind to present the riddle. The IBM organization was selected to plow the research. publications review presents the important theories and concepts along with the grandeur of he culture frame of rules in organization.The introduction of the research was through by analyzing the problem which organization face because of the information. belles-lettres suggested many systems which hind end better the butt againstes of the organizations. There atomic number 18 many former(a) systems which underside enlarge the achieveance root word of good quality. The literature was extracted from variant articles which meliorate the report. The report has many suggestions for the organizations. The sight of this report bottom give resolving to many problems which the company approach in the current scenario.The comparison was done in the later character of the report and the scenario and literature was matched in order to find loopholes in the system and to provide solution to incapability. Table of Contents Introduction 4 Literature digest 4 Current blueprint section 7 resemblance of Literature and current practice 10 Conclusion 11 References Literature 12 References Current Practice 12 Introduction first step computer computer architecture is the impact in which operation and anatomical organise of an organization is defined. The intention in the process is to achieve early and current objectives.One of the roughly agreed upon viewpoint is where backing perspective, activitys perspective, information perspective and technology perspective is part of the future objectives a company is likely to foresee. The use of opening architecture includes decent documented processes, systems, infrastructure and applications. This assignment briefly discusses various theories of try architecture particularly at the strategic level and thus explains the system with a practical example which further glorifies the literature review.Literature Analysis The evolution of the first step information system and direction is the core responsibility of the Chief culture Officer (CIO) of the company. The CIO information processing and decision making is aided by the technique or process known as Enterprise computer architecture. A role model based preparation and forethought approach to respect management wise information system is called enterprise architecture. The complexity of chore stand out system and its significance has b een addressed in this enterprise architectural approach.The planning and problem information system is under the responsibility of the Chief nurture Officer (CIO). Thus, it can be rightly stated that enterprise architecture is the best way to aid decision making of CIO (Stated et al. AAA). check to Eriksson and Pinker (2000), the importance of a good modeling fabric should be emphasizes in the organization but the reason of choosing one model over the former(a) is ambiguous. As a elemental question, the model should be able to answer the questions pertaining to the reasons it is knowing for.The enterprise architecture is successful in answering the question. The dilemma is to search the probable questions the model is able to answer. In the enterprise architecture model it is possible to come across the questions of why and how of using the framework or model. In order to mitigate the risk involved, organizations can simply prove more(prenominal) than one model to select th e most adequate one. Analysis of the enterprise architectures The decision making as followed by CIO can stand by in studying the architectural analysis model.The first step is to ruminate scenario, the need to recognize the options available to the CIO is the foremost step in order to foresee the information system of an organization. The possible future states of the company can be conjured by performing this step. The next step is to determine the criteria to resolve upon in this step criteria allow CIO to set a benchmark to evaluate different models. One of the important questions needed in setting the criteria are to find out business support, IT security and availability. In this paper, architectural theory or criteria is apply to evaluate the model.After setting the criteria the next step is to dissect scenario, in which case one of the criteria is selected to evaluate both models and then so on and so forth. Stated et al. (AAA) explain that next, the firm undertakes the selection of the scenario where process selection of the model takes place on the Asia of the chosen criteria and the support tenderize to the decision making of CIO. Stated et al. (AAA) further elaborates stating that the birth of the enterprise architecture took place twenty years ago and designed to address cardinal problems poor business alignment and system complexity.In poor business alignment the problem of IT system to align it with the appeal is addressed. Kanji, H. And Burns, P. (2011) add that in system complexity entails the need to develop IT systems. The basic idea is to serve the organization with less cost involved but providing more value and utility. However, fit to the theory of Stated et al. (AAA), the complexity and cost of these IT systems implemented in the organization have dramatically emphasized by now globally whereas the palpable value derived from the systems have decreased. Kanji, H. And Burns, P. 2011) stresses that the giant organizations fail to ignore such problems thusly the field of enterprise architecture is powerfully prophetic in the gentlemans gentleman today. Some methodologies of enterprise architecture are widely used in the world today however the large field makes use of chiefly four methodologies. According to Kanji and Burns (201 1), the taxonomy is given an opposite name to the work of Coachman and is termed as the first methodological analysis of the Enterprise architecture (EAI). Another methodological analysis known as the Open Group Architectural Framework (TOGA) is more precisely or accurately defined as the process.The Federal Enterprise Architecture is defined as a method of creating enterprise architecture and thus also known as proscriptive methodology. The practice of architectural enterprise is known as the Gardner methodology. As articulated by Coachman (1982), the promised land framework for enterprise is recognized s a framework which is contrary to the comment of the framework. The frame work is defined as somewhatthing that serves as a skeleton structure for construction. The second name given to the approach of Coachman is taxonomy and by definition it is a classification in ordered systems of organisms to give a natural relationship.The Coachman framework is in simple ways taxonomy and organizing of architectural artifacts for instance models, documents and specifications. According to Coachman (1982), the enterprise manufacturing and engineering is around for more than thousand years and willing remain for longer. However Kanji and Burns (2011) stress that the understanding of the process is changed with respect to period. The Canaan is the most frequently used technique in large firms collect to ease of application and best responses. It is also desirable to cater for needed complexities of the system design while Enterprise Architecture.Kanji and Burns (2011) also support the Open Group Architecture Framework (GOFF) which is which primarily used inwardl y four categories namely business architecture, application architecture, selective information architecture and technical foul architecture. The business recess to meet the desired purposes is described in the business architecture. The designing of the application and their probable interaction is studied under application architecture. The approach path and organizing of the data store is termed under data architecture.Finally technical structure talks about the hardware and computer software to cater for application and access (Stated et al. , 2004). Kanji and Burns (2011) also explain the Federal Enterprise Architecture (FEE) which is done to amalgamate ubiquitous and functions under enterprise architecture. But Moms (2007) contends stating that this impertinent methodology apparently s in the infancy stage so no noticeable work can be seen in the organization and in that respect is not much talk about its failure. The last methodology assiduous in the Enterprise architec ture (EAI) is Gardner.It is the practice rather than a process of an IT and research consulting organization Gardner. Literature Analysis summary The Enterprise Architecture is more of a theory than any thing practical. Above some methodologies are stated that shows different approaches to the EAI and can be studied when considering different perspective. It can also vary with respect to the difference in suasion or difference in practice. These four approaches may be used by Giant Corporations to address different engineering, business and manufacturing issues.The large corporations are entitled to use complex systems which necessitate such EAI methodologies. Current practice section The slaying of the architectural enterprise is not resulted from designing the software or relating it with different business units. The organization itself along with processes affected essential be changed sometimes in order to show flexibility and aptitude in the business functions. IBM has used EAI model in the multi-brand enterprise and multi divisional enterprise. The purpose of this model is to enhance the debate and communion among the top executives inside organization.It is also designed to reach at a familiar goal by ignoring most of the differences and reaching to the potential outcome. The global system practices are avoided by the corporations if the intended outcome is local profit and loss only. In multi-local enterprises where P&038L are regarded as the parameters to measure performance and that other performance measure are nonexistent. In this way two avenues left open for such kind of EAI. The first that change in the fillip system is needed to address the issue. In this way enterprise sharing of resource or enterprise integration can be heighten which was much needed at MOM.The EAI system as employed in the IBM is based on four consenting I. E. Shared identity and purpose, common bonds of performance, shared knowledge and shared infrastructure. These elements when used together can help in integrating the organization with its functions (Gravesend, 2012). Figure 1 . Four factors necessity for integrating the organization Source Adapted from Shoal S. And Grafton L. Integrating the Enterprise. MIT Sloan focussing Review, Fall 2002, and Well P. , Suburbans M. , and Broadband M. IT Infrastructure for Strategic Agility. MIT Center for info Systems Research Working Paper No. 329, April 2002 The CIO organization or IBM business transmission integrates all the business units across geographies and transform strategic business priorities into initiatives of transformation. The company is entitled for maintaining IT Landscape as per the strategic roadman provided. According to Gravesend (2012), any organization does require strategic planning. It provides them the leverage to enhance their capabilities and gives them a direction. There are many aspects of planning which collectively make a strategic plan.Strategic planning helps keep focus on the area that is most responsible for boosting the profit levels and overall performance of organization. Since it leads organization to be focused it automatically makes organization polish its skills that are more required in running the business in an efficient and effective way. Innovation and new offerings are always truly important for any company to increase its sales. Variety in new reapings is the obvious way but the film director must work on the execution of the issuance of new product because most of the times poorly executed new offering perform poorly ND they end up in big losses.The basic need to implement EAI in the organization focused on the preparedness of the information and successful strategies in order to feed in the data before hand. This information should be sufficient enough for both stakeholders I. E. aggroup designing the software as well the top managers making use of the information stored. In order to address loop holes in the system , a best- practice approach must be used in the system. The impose system should be open to any kind of re purposing and time should be saved by doing re purposing instead of re-inventing.Secondly, it is desirable that system provides future state of the IT landscape along with existing risk and cost analysis. One way of getting growth is to take full utility of l acquiting curve and utilizing economies of scale. Learning curve makes you more efficient in your production process. It tells you how to fully utilize your resources. Economies of scales help in reduction of add up cost because of factors like managerial specialization and buying power. Strategic implementation is an ongoing process of an organizations plans which they made in order to survive and to earn profit for a longer period of time.It consists of series of action plans which are integrated to each other. Strategic implementation of the plans which were proposed for the extension and growth are very(prenominal) vital. The long term strategy can help them force a loyal customer and to get more profitable branches which can earn profit for at least five years. The implementation of EAI is order successful in the organization and supports the business functions across geographies. The Enterprise architecture used in the IBM is supported by Coachman methodology. His model is based on the integration of the organization which is clearly addressed in this section (lbs., 2013).Comparison of Literature and current practice Literature has enlightened many aspects of the information which can help any organization to prosper. The problem which they are facing is that they do not use any information system which integrates the employees. They are abstracted in the internal information. According to literature there are many tools which will help the organization to increase their productivity. Software like management information system, decision support system and others can help to improve the i nformation flow within the organization.The current situation is that they are losing customers because of the portion delivery time. Information system will align all the departments and will provide the information about the customer which will increase the overall flow of information. Literature suggests that internal and remote flow of information is very important for all the organization. Stakeholders must be contacted in decision making process. Decision support system integrates all the stakeholders and provides the best possible solution to any business scenario.Internal information with the organization must be improved and transaction recessing system will be helpful to record all the business transactions. It was found in literature that information and feedback from employees and customer is very important and many organizations lose their customers because of this issue. Conclusion The report provides many aspects and after analyzing the literature and the other aspe ct it was found that companies must include information system in their system. It was found that communication with stakeholders is very important for any organization.They are the pillar of organization and help to build the reputation of NY organization. Organizations must contact different stakeholders and must take their views about the problems they are facing. The other dimensions which were found that management information system, decision support system and other systems are enhancing the capabilities of the organization. In service industry, the most important part is service delivery and these information systems are contributing to increase the performance. Internal and external sources of information are found very important for the organizations and they help to give out the need of customer.